QUESTIONS 

ON 

Field Service Regulations 

UNITED STATES ARMY 

(KevlaeU Edition) 



BY 

CAPTAIN HOLLAND RUBOTTOM 

First Cavalry 



QUESTIONS 



ON 



Field Service Regulations 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES ARMY 

(REVISED EDITION 



BY 

CAPTAIN HOLLAND RUBOTTOM 

FIRST CAVALRY 



GENERAL AGENT: 

GEO. BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY 

Menasha, Wisconsin 
1917 



\1^ 



Copyright 1917 
By 

HoUond Buhottom 



i 



(ad 



JUN 27 1917 

'01.4470204 



PREFACE TO 1915 EDITION 

This little book, first published in 1911, has been revised 
(1915) in accordance with the latest (1914) edition of Field 
Service Regulatioks. 

It has been used very extensively by officers in preparing 
for examination, in the study of this subject in the service 
schools and garrison schools, as an aid for instructors and 
members of examining boards, and also merely for professional 
study. 

In its preparation no attempt has been made to "boil 
down" the subject by selecting a few important questions, for 
the Field SER\^CE Regulations, being authoritative, must be 
studied in its entirety. 

But this book of questions, being absolutely com/plete, 
brings out every point, so that nothing can escape the student's 
attention. 

Its arrangement, in conforming to the Field Service Regu- 
lations in its headings, sections, paragraphs, etc., renders it 
a very handy and useful little volume. The answers in the text 
are consequently very easily found, and, on account of these 
questions, are emphasized and impressed upon the memory in 
a way that would not be possible without them. 

The Appendix contains three sets of Examination 
Questions in Field Service Regulations which were used in 
the examination of officers for promotion in 1915. 



QUESTIONS ON FIELD SERVICE 
REGULATIONS 

Part I 

ORGANIZATION 

Article I 

LAND FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES 

1. Of what do the land forces of the United States consist? 
Of what does the Army of the United States consist in 

peace? When may the militia be called into the service of 
the United States? 

How and when may the Army of the United States be 
further augmented? When may restrictions be removed as to 
raising and accepting volunteers of a particular arm or class? 

2. Under what general heads are the land forces grouped? 

3. The Mobile Army. — The mobile army is primarily 
organized for what purpose and requires what on this account? 

What unit is the basis of organization for the mobile army? 
What may be said as to the character of the organization and 
its independence? 

Into what larger unit may several divisions be grouped? 
WTiat are field army troops and to what are they attached? 

When and for what purpose are they organized into a 
separate brigade? For what purpose may infantry, cavalry 
or military police be attached? The number of troops so 
assigned depends on what? From what troops are they prefera- 
bly obtained? 

When may they be furnished to divisions? To a separate 
brigade? 

Of what is an army composed? When organized? 

4. For what is a line of communications established? 

5. The Coast Artillery. — What is its function? 



[6] 

COAST DEFENSE 

(J. The military preparations for the defense of a coast 
line include the construction of what (1) permanent and (2) 
semipermanent defensive works and (3) the organization of 
mobile troops for what purpose? 

(1) Permanent fortifications and submarine defenses are 
manned and operated by what troops? 

(2) Semipermanent fortifications and field works are 
manned by what troops? They are known as what? 

(3) These troops are known as what? Is their commander 
from the coast artillery or mobile army? His relations with 
the coast defense commander should be of what character? 

What disposition should be made of other large bodies of 
the mobile army with reference to the coast line? 

OVERSEA DEPARTMENTS 

7. What troops are assigned for defensive purposes to 
oversea departments? How may those of the mobile army be 
used for coast defense? 

What is the duty of the department commander in this 
case ? 

TABLES OF ORGANIZATION 

8. What do these tables include? 

Part II 
OPERATIONS 

Article I 
INFORMATION 

general principles 

9. Military Information. — Under what two general heads 
may military information be considered? To what does each 
relate? 



[7] 

From what different sources may information in the field 
be obtained? How is knowledge of the terrain obtained? 

Where is information of the enemy and of the theater of 
operations sent? What action is taken thereon? 

When is an efficient secret service organized? 

10. In what circumstances is it advisable to seize influential 
persons and to search their houses? It is important to examine 
what literature? What disposition is made of it? 

What is said as to the value of local maps? 

What is assumed that the enemy will do if reliable infor- 
mation concerning him is not obtainable? 

What should any person in the military service do upon 
receipt of information? 

What precaution should be taken to prevent the spread of 
information to the enemy? 

RECONNAISSANCE 

11. What is meant by "reconnaissance?" When does 
reconnaissance begin and end? All tactical movements of 
troops should be based on information from what source? 

12. By Aero 8qu<idron. — In forces of what strength is it 
used and where will it operate? What will be done after 
contact with the enemy is once gained? 

13. By the Cavahy. — What arm is best for reconnaissance 
and what method is used? When on such duty cavalry has 
what other function? What are the best means to this end? 
What is the duty of the cavalry as the opposing armies draw 
near each other? 

What are the nature and scope of instructions given to 
the commander of the independent cavalry? What is his duty 
in regard to reports and how are they sent? 



[8] 

14. By Independent Cavalry. — What important general 
information will it obtain? If strong enough to defeat the I 
enemy's cavalry what further information? If weaker than the 
enemy's cavalry upon what must it rely? How may the advance 
guard of the main body render assistance? 

On very wide fronts how is an army generally covered? 
Of what is each body informed as regards its front? M^hat is 
the duty of each body towards the other? 

15. By Divisional Cavalry. — What is divisional cavalry? 
When the division operates independently what is the role of 
the divisional cavalry? When the division forms part of a 
field army the divisional cavalry is known as what? It usually 
forms a part of what elements of the command? It is then 
known as what and performs what duty? 

What is the importance of its reconnaissance to the main 
body? If stronger than the opposing cavalry? If it fails, who 
does the work and how should it be done? 

How does the work of divisional cavalry on reconnaissance 
differ from that of independent cavalry? How does it act 
when combat is imminent and the independent cavalry is 
drawn off to a flank? 

When there is independent cavalry in front what function 
has the divisional cavalry? When no independent cavalry? 

16. By Infantry. — When is the extent of infantry recon- 
naissance the greatest? When is it entirely indispensible? Can 
infantry and artillery rely wholly upon cavalry and aero 
reconnaissance? What is the nature and object of their own? 

In the absence of cavalry how is reconnaissance at a 
distance performed? 

What may be done if the command is weak in cavalry or 
the country rough and broken? 



[9] 

17. Reconnaissance Immediately Preceding Combat. — 
What is said of its importance? Upon what information are 
combat orders based? The completeness of such reconnaissance 
will depend upon what factors? 

18. The strength of the force used in this reconnaissance 
is determined by what? In every instance it must be how 
strong? Where detailed information of the enemy's position 
is desired? In case the combat reconnaissance causes the 
enemy's artillery to open fire, what may be thus developed, and 
care must be taken to provide for what? 

19. What reconnaissance must the advance guard make 
in any advance toward the enemy? What information of the 
enemy should it obtain as early as possible? A strong force of 
what arm is most useful for this purpose and why? 

In encountering the enemy in a position that is to be 
developed what is the duty of the advance guard? How may 
the enemy be forced to disclose his position, particularly that 
of his artillery? What arm is necessary to force him to bare 
his main position? How will the artillery assist in the advance? 
Why will the enemy's artillery be obliged to disclose its 
position? What will the information thus gained enable the 
leader to do? 

In the rencontre what measures for security must be relied 
upon and why? In an attack on a position held and 
strengthened by the enemy what is said as to the nature of the 
reconnaissance preceding deployment? 

20. Reconnaissance During Combat. — The infantry will 
keep up what reconnaissance? The field artillery? 

21. What reconnaissance is made by an aero squadron 
during combat? 

22. What reconnaissance is made by the cavalry during 
combat? 



[10] 

23. Reconnoiteriuff Patrols. — What is the chief duty of 
reconnoitering patrols? 

What should be their attitude as regards fighting? Wliat 
is considered the most skillful patrolling? 

24. Who determines the number and strength of patrols i 
and when they are sent out? What is the cardinal principle 
in sending out patrols? Are they generally large or small? 
What advantages have small patrols? When are stronger de- 
tachments required? What is done by strong patrols to insure 
greater safety and concealment? 

What is the duty of an officer sending out a patrol? What 
kind of horses should not be sent? What precautions are taken 
regarding weapons and equipment? 

The orders or instructions for a patrol or for any detach- 
ment going on reconnaissance, must state what? Should 
important and comprehensive instructions be written or verbal? 
If written, what precautions are necessary? Regarding his 
orders, of what must an officer sending out a patrol be certain? 
What is their nature as regards details? Who determines the 
time of return? 

25. Patrol Leaders. — What is the basis of efficient recon- 
naissance? How are patrol leaders selected? They should 
possess what qualities? What should be their accomplishments? 

26. Conduct. — What should be the conduct of a patrol to 
avoid discovery? ^Miat is the policy as to the amount of 
equipment carried? 

What is the normal formation for a patrol? WHiat may be 
done for better observation? How is communication with the 
leader maintained? What is the principle involved in the 
formation? 



NOTE. — What is meant by the term patrols? What kinds of patrols? 



[11] 

What caution is necessary in questioning civilians? How 
are strangers conducted? What authority have patrol leaders 
in regard to telegrams and mail matter and arresting 
individuals? 

27. Indications of the Enemy. — In patrolling, if any indica- 
tions of the enemy are observed, what should be done at once? 
What signs of the enemy may be found and what may they 
indicate? 

What do the following indicate: Number and area covered 
by camp fires; an increase in the same; much smoke at unusual 
hours? 

Tracks in the road; broad trails parallel to the roads or 
across country? 

Thick, low cloud of dust; high, thin cloud; broken cloud; 
extent and direction of dust (making allowance for what)? 

How may the strength of a visible body of marching troops 
be estimated? 

28. When it is certain that the enemy has been discovered, 
what is done? 

What special information concerning the enemy must then 
be ascertained and reported? What element of the enemy's 
force is it the rule to observe and how may this be done? 

29. Sign<xls. — What signals should be used to indicate the 
following: Enemy in sight in small numbers; enemy in force; 
take cover? 

When should signals be agreed upon, what should be their 
nature and how used? 

30. Employment of Air Craft. — Under whose direction 
and whose immediate control are they employed? 

How are balloons classified? For what are free balloons 
used and what is said of their value? How may captive balloons 
be used? How are communications with them maintained? 



[12] I 

How are dirigibles used? Why are aeroplanes preferable . 

for field service with a mobile army? 

1 

31. Reconnaissance by aeroplane includes what? For what 

other pur]:)ose are aeroplanes used? 

Within what radius is their strategical reconnaissance 1 
eflFective? And it is for what purposes? 

Is their tactical reconnaissance for attack or defense? Its 
nature: minute or extended? What matters are especially [ 
within its scope? 

Aeroplanes are usually assigned to what commander for 
observation of field artillery fire? They are especially useful 
against what targets? 

They are safe from hostile fire at what altitudes? 

How are their reports transmitted? 

MESSAGES^ REPORTS, FIELD MAPS, AND WAR DIARIES 

32. What is a message? What should be the nature of a 
field message? What should always appear in a message? 
What division of the information contained should be made? 
What rules as to clearness apply to messages? 

33. What is a report? How does it differ from a message? t 

34. What is the scale of maps available for general use 
in the field? By what are these maps supplemented? What 
V. I. in military maps is used to correspond to a given scale ^ 
and why? 

What is the usual scale for road sketches? For position 
and outpost sketches? For what is the 1-inch map used? The 
12-inch map? , 

How are sketches made? Are many conventional signs 
used? For what are sketches mostly useful? 

35. What is a war diary? When and of what nature are 
the entries made? 



: [13] 

What should the diary contain? 

The exact time and place of what should he noted? The 
entry after an action should include what? 

Who attests each day's record and to whom it is forwarded? 

Commanders of armies and separate units will forward 
their war diaries to whom? 

TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION 

3fi. By what different methods is information transmitted? 

How is information transmitted over long distances? For 
short distances* and when other means not available? Should 
a message given an operator to send by wire or wireless be 
written or verbal? How does the telephone compare with the 
telegraph as to accuracy and how is it used in sending 
messages? What is the duty of all officers in regard to trans- 
mission of messages and orders? 

To whom is information sent? How is a record kept as to 
where messages are sent? Why is it important to send 
messages to neighboring troops? To obtain the desired infor- 
mation what officers accompany other troops? What is their 
duty? 

How are messages carried by messengers enclosed? Is the 

envelope usually sealed or left open and why? What is written 

' on the envelope? How is the rate of speed indicated and what 

is meant by the different terms used? What does the recipient 

do with the envelope? 

If in danger of falling into the enemy's hands how are 
messages written? 

How is important information sent? Of what are messen- 
gers informed before starting? 



*How does the time in which a mounted messenger can deliver a 
message compare with that required for its delivery by wire? 



[14] 

When the usual means of communication are not practi- 
cable, what other system is established? What are establislied 
in connection therewith? On what does the distance between 
posts depend? What *is the usual distance? The strength of 
such posts? What record is kept at each post? 

Article II 
SECURITY 

GEXERAI- PRIXCIPLES 

37. Security embraces what? 

What part does the independent cavalry perform? AVhy 
is additional security necessary? How is this obtained? 

What are they called on the march? In camp or bivouac? 

How do the duties and formation of these bodies compare? 
What are the various elements and what are their functions? 

38. By what order are the commanders and troops for 
these detachments detailed? What other matters should be 
included therein? 

What should the order of the commander of a covering 
detachment include? 

39. What is the position of the advance or flank guard 
commander? What are his orders relative to reconnaissance 
and dispositions? 

In large commands these bodies consist of what arms and 
in what proportion? What determines the number of troops 
detailed for this duty? They may amount to what proportion 
of the command? Are tactical units divided as a rule? 

In mixed commands what arm forms the greater part of 
the force on this duty? AVhen is cavalry assigned to the duty? 

What other troops may be used? 

What is done with the field trains of the troops on this 
duty? 



[15] 

What is prescribed as to the use of compliments by troops 
in the service of security? What is the duty of individuals as 
to saluting? 

ADVANCE GUARDS 

40. What is an advance guard? 
Its specific duties? 

41. Strength and Composition. — What proportion of a 
command is assumed as a suitable streng-th for an advance 
guard? How does the strength of an advance guard in pro- 
portion vary in commands of diflPerent size? Why? In large 
commands it is composed of what arms? The proportion 
depends upon what? In open country it is strong in what arms? 
What size commands have artillery in their advance guards? 
If artillery in the advance guard, for what purpose may an 
artillery officer accompany it? In a swampy country or jungle 
of what may it be formed? If not preceded by independent 
cavalry, -in what must the advance guard be strong? How much 
of the divisional cavalry may be assigned to it? 

For what are attached machine guns specially useful? 

Engineers? What important part of their equipment may 
be required? 

Who has control of the signal troops and how are they 
used? When may they be attached to the advance guard? 

Are sanitary troops attached? 

42. Distance from Main Body. — When is tlie distance be- 
tween the advance guard and the main body prescribed? In 
small commands what tactical component regulates the march? 
When the advance guard is large?. 

What is the rule as to distance? 

43. Advance Guard Confvmander. — What does the advance 
guard commander do upon receipt of the march order? His 
order contains what instructions? 



[16J 

What is the position of the advance guard commander? 
How does he conduct the march of the advance guard? For 
what does he plan? 

44. Distribution of Troops. — What distribution of troops 
is made in the advance guard order? 

What is the role of the advance guard cavalry? If weak 
in numbers? 

45. Advance Cavalry. — What is the advance cavalry? 
What is its role? When preceded by independent cavalry? 
When not? What should be its commander's qualities? Pro- 
vides for what? 

46. Sii'p'port. — What is the position and strength of the 
support? Consists of what in mixed commands? If there is 
no advance cavalry? 

What is the position of the advance party? Whence ob- 
tained? Its distance varies with what? 

What is its role? What is the point and how is it com- 
manded? 

When there is advance cavalry in front how is the advance 
party affected? When no advance cavalry? How are the 
flanks then protected? 

What is the position of the support commander? What 
are his duties? 

47. Reserve. — "WTiat is the position of the reserve? Its 
composition? What is the position of the artillery? Of the 
engineers? Of special troops? 

48. Tteconnmssance. — ^In the reconnaissance what size pa- 
trols are used? If a flank is threatened what protection is pro- 
vided? Where are flanking patrols sent? Where do they 
march? When not practicable for them to march parallel with 
the column how is the reconnaissance best conducted? What 
becomes of them after reconnoitering places to which sent? 



[17] 

What is done with deserters, suspicious characters and 
bearers of flags of truce? 

Where are civilians forbidden to go? 

How are communications maintained between fractions 
of the advance guard and with the main body? 

ADVANCE GUARD OF A S3IALL COMMAND 

49. What distribution of troops is made for the advance 
guard of commands smaller than a brigade? 

50. Advance Guard of a Cavalry Command.— Ylow does 
the advance guard of a cavalry command compare with that 
of infantry? 

ADVAKCE GUARD OF A DIVISION (INDEPENDENT) 

51. Give a possible distribution of troops for an advance 
guard of a division. 

SECURITY FOR THE HEAD OF A RETREATING FORCE 

52. What body of troops precedes a column in retreat? 
What is its principal duty? Of what troops is it generally 
composed? If the rear is seriously threatened these troops 
assume what role? 

FLANK GUARDS 

53. Ordinarily the flanks of a column are protected by 
what? What provision is made for additional protection if 
necessary? 

What may be the size of a flank guard? Its composition 
and formation? When are troops of all arms necessary? Their 
duties are similar to what? How are communications with the 
column maintained? 

From what body may a flank guard be sent out? What is 
its position? If it occupies a defensive position until the 



[IbJ 

column passes, where does it then go and when docs it rejoin 
its proper command? With reference to the rest of the com- 
mand, when is it sent out and why? 

51, Flank Marches. — When is a flanlv guard of great im- 
])ortance? When is it advisable to make the advance guard 
into a flank guard and detail a new advance guard? What if 
tiie flank march begins at camp? 

In long colunms this protection may be obtained how? 

REAR GUARDS 

55. With wliat important dutj' is a rear guard charged? 

When is an order for a retreat issued? An outpost for 
the night usually ]ierforms what duty the following day? 

5f). StreiH/fh and Composition.- — The strength of a rear 
guard depends upon what? What assistance is it afforded by 
the main body? 

How are machine guns used? 

Are engineer and sanitary troops assigned? 

What should be the condition and morale of troops selected 
for this duty? 

57. Distribution of Troops. — What determines the forma- 
tion for a rear guard? If not necessary to retire in deployed 
lines, what formation has the greater part of it? AVhat distri- 
bution of troops is made? 

What is the rear cavalry? Into what two parts is the sup- 
port divided? Engineers accompany what parts? When may 
cavalry compose the entire rear guard except the reserve? 
Of what is the reserve composed? 

58. Distances. — ^What are the distances between the frac- 
tions and to the main body? How are they changed at night? 



[19] 



REAR GUARD OF AN ADVANCING FORCE 

59. When is a rear guard provided for an advancing 
force? When should it be strong in cavalry? Its conduct is 
similar to what? AVhat is its position with respect to trains? 
What is their position with respect to the combatant troops? 

OUTPOSTS 

60. Upon what will the disposition and size of the outpost 
depend ? 

A suitable strength may vary from what proportions? For 
a single company in bivouac? For a large command? What 
consideration limits its strength? 

How is the most economical protection furnished? 

What is the rule concerning the division of organizations? 

61. What generally forms the outpost in a brigade or 
snuiller force marching toward the enemy and when is it 
relieved? In a retreat how is the detail made? What duty has 
the out})o.st on the following day? 

When the advance or rear guard performs such duty for 
several days, what troops furnish the outpost during this period? 

Under what conditions is the outpost relieved daily? What 
is the rule in large commands? 

62. What artificial measures are generally required at the 
positions held by the subdivisions? Is this always necessary? 

What precautions for concealment are necessary? 

6S. Composition. — A mixed outpost is composed mainly 
of what arm? What duty has the infantry? The cavalry? 

What is done if the infantry has had very hard marching or 
fighting? 

When an outpost is detailed from the advance guard, the 
advance cavalry of the latter assumes what role? 



[20J 

When is artillery most useful in an outpost? How are 
the guns placed? 

For what are machine guns useful? 

For what purpose are engineers attached? 

What is done with the signal troops? 

Are sanitary troops attached? 

What becomes of the field trains? 

64. Distribution of Outpost Troops. — Into what four parts 
is the outpost generally divided? 

The distances separating these parts and their distance 
from the main body will depend upon what? 

The distance from the outpost of a small force to the main 
body should be regulated by what? That of a large force? 

Qo. The reserve constitutes what part of the outpost? 
How located and why? What is the smallest outpost that 
requires a reserve? 

What is the relative strength of a reserve? 

%Q. What is the character of the line of supports? What 
may be the size of a support? What line of detachments do 
they furnish? 

How are they numbered? Their location? 

As a rule what determines their location? How is the 
section which a support covers defined ? ' Where is a support 
located with reference to its section? 

67. What line do the outguards constitute? How are 
they classified? How are they numbered? 

68. What is a picket? What does it furnish? How are 
pickets placed? The strength of each depends upon what? 

69. What is a sentry squad? How disposed? 

70. What is the size and function of a cossack post? What 
changes may be made in the outguards at night? When should 



[21] 

the ground be studied and the change made? Are such changes 
invariably made? 

71. When are single sentinels generally used? Double 
sentinels? Distance of sentinels from cossack posts or sentry 
squads? Those furnished from pickets? 

Why should a sentinel be near or in sight of the body to 
which he belongs? 

How are sentinel posts numbered? How are sentry squads 
or cossack posts, furnished by a picket, counted? 

72. What is the duty of the cavalry by day? If there is 
independent cavalry in front? At night? 

How does the presence of cavalry in front affect the work 
of infantry on the line of observation? 

What is the nature of instructions for the advance cavalry 
as to details? 

73. Instead of using outguards, how may part of the front 
be covered? What sections of the front should be thus covered? 

When may considerable local patrolling be dispensed with? 
How does this rule affect patrolling toward the front? 

74. What are the first troops met by the enemy, and what 
advantage has each body in rear? What should be the conduct 
of these bodies when attacked? 

How is connection kept up between the parts of the out- 
post? After dark? 

75. By what may detached posts be furnished and for 
what purpose are they used? 

For what purpose may they be sent out from the main 
body? 

What limit is placed on their number and size? 

76. Establishing the Outpost. — Why should it be posted 
as quickly as possible? How is temporary protection afforded 
and how long maintained'' 



[22] 

77. What general instructions are given in the halt order? 
What action does the outpost commander take upon its receipt? 
What is usually necessary before he issues his order? 

What general instructions does his order contain? 

What kind of orders should he generally give to his 
support commanders and from what locality? With what in 
view does he select the time and locality for issuing these 
orders? When should the reserve commander receive his 
orders? Subordinates to whom he gives orders separately 
should be informed of what? 

In large outposts what kind of orders are most convenient? 

W^hat does the outpost commander do after issuing the 
initial orders? 

78. After marching the reserve to its post, what does the 
commander do? With what bodies must connection be 
maintained? 

79. In marching to their posts what security should each 
support provide for itself? What general instructions should 
its commander's order contain? What connections should be 
maintained ? 

What precaution must be taken in posting his command? 
Why must he economize men on observation and patrol duty? 
What regulates this economy? 

What does he do as soon as he completes posting his 
support? How is his report jireferably made? 

80. How is each outguard or picket marched to its post? 
What is done by its commander upon reaching the position? 

What does a picket require beside these sentinels and patrols? 

What general instructions does the commander give to his 
sentinels when they are posted? 

To his patrols? What is required of them before dark? 



[23] 

81. What connections are maintained by each picket? 
What measures for concenhnent and defense is required of each 
oiitguard commander? 

82. Relieving the Outpost. — What are the hours of special 
danger? What may the enemy do at such hours? When special 
precautions are taken at such hours? At what time in the 
morning is a new outpost established and why? 

83. Examininy Posts. — What is an examining post? 
When are they used? How are strangers conducted? 
Who is allowed to speak to persons brought in? What 

disposition is made of prisoners and deserters? 

Article III 
ORDERS 

GENERAL PRTXCIPLES 

84. What is said as to the importance of the art of giving 
proper instructions? 

How is the expression of the will of leaders conveyed? 
Letters of Instruction. — ^For what are letters of instruction 
used? 

85. Field orders regulate what matters? 

How are they usually issued by field army and division 
commanders? What should be done when conditions demand 
verbal orders? What kind of field orders do brigade com- 
manders usually issue? Regimental and smaller unit com- 
manders? 

What is the object of field orders? They are issued for 
what purposes? 

In active operations what is the character of numerous 
field orders? When is the regular form adhered to? 

How are administrative details covered? 



[24] 

86. When should field orders reach subordinate com- 
manders? What is desirable in regard to communicating con- 
templated movements? To whom is such information confided? 

About how much time is required in large commands for 
formal orders to reach all the lower units? 

What does the hour stated in the heading mean? 

87. To what do "orders," "general orders," and "special 
orders" apply? 

General Orders. — AVhat do general orders include? 
By what commanders are they issued? 

Orders. — For what purposes arc "Orders" used by com- 
manders of divisions and separate brigades? 
By commanders of smaller units? 
Special Orders. — What matt-ers do these cover? 

88. Verbal Orders. — How are they transmitted? When 
are they recorded? 

When are verbal orders sent by messenger? Why? What 
should they contain? 

The bearer of a verbal order is required to do what before 
starting? 

COMPOSITION OF FORIMAI, FIELD ORDERS 

89. What is necessary before a commander can frame a 
suitable field order? 

What does an estimate of the situation include? 

Upon what part of the estimate are clear and decisive 
orders based? 

Should tactical units be split? 

What should be the nature of field orders as to diction? 
What expressions should be avoided? To what may the terms 
right and left be applied? What is meant by 7'ight flank 
and left flank? The head of a column? The tail? 



[25] 

How should geographical names be written? How may 
the pronunciation of a name be indicated? 

If two or more places have the same name, how are they 
distinguished? 

How is a road designated? 

What is the rule in regard to using negative expressions? 

As to legibility? 

What should be the nature of field orders as to length? 
What matters should be omitted? 

Orders should be of what nature in regard to resjx)nsibility 
and definiteness? 

In orders what consideration is given a subordinate as to 
his particular province? 

When are letters of guidance preferable to detailed orders? 
What is the nature of instructions thus given? Why are 
orders in such a case undesirable? 

What is required as to details of time and place? What 
is required in order that there may be uniformity as to time? 

Is it permissible for subordinates in framing their orders 
to merely repeat those from higher authority? 

FORM OF FIELD ORDERS 

90. Why are field orders required to follow a general 
form? 

What are the parts of a field order? 

91. The Heading. — What does the heading of a field order 
contain? 

Give an example of how a title is expressed? 
What is the meaning of the following: Det. 1st Div. ; 
Advance Guard, 3rd Div.? 

How may a title appear in the order creating the command? 



[20] 

What is necessary to fully identify an order? 

How are tactical organizations designated? 

If a fraction of an organization cainiot be called l)y one 
or more of the sui)-divisions what is it called? 

What is a detachment? 

When is a command called a detachment and when is it 
given the title of the predominating element? 

Give an example of the method of writing the date in the 
heading. 

92. The Distribution of Troops. — What does the distribu- 
tion of troops show? In what orders is it generally used? In 
what other part of the order may the troops be named? 

How is the column given the distribution of troops headed 
and in what part of the order is its placed? The tactical 
components are marked how? Under what headings and in 
what part of the order are the tasks assigned the various 
troops prescribed? 

When orders are dictated or sent by wire or signals, where 
is the distribution of troops given? 

93. The Body. — What general matter does a body of an 
order contain and is how arranged? 

What is contained in paragraph 1 ? 

In paragraph 2? 

In paragraph 3? The tasks assigned to the various troops 
are given in what order of sequence? 

Where may instructions a])]ilicable to all these fractions 
be given? 

What does paragraph \ contain? 

Paragraph 5? 

If additional paragraphs are required where are they 
placed? What should the last paragraph always show? 



[27] 

What abbreviations are used in the body of the order? 
How is a night designated? Noon? Midnight? 

94. The Ending. — What docs the ending contain? What 
officer makes the statement of the method of communicating 
the order? 

95. What should be done before orders are issued? 

Article IV 
MARCHES AND CONVOYS 

GEKERAL PRINCIPLES 

96. When is a march said to be a successful one? In war 
success depends largely upon what? 

How is good marching secured? 

Regarding the condition of the troops marches are con- 
ducted how? 

How should preparations be made and how is this made 
possible ? 

Are troops kept at attention on the march? 

Why are troops informed of the length of the halts? 

Regarding arms and equipments how is the work of the 
men lightened? 

Of what must care be taken so as to preserve the march- 
ing efficiency? 

In prolonged marches should marches be made every day? 

Are forced marches of common occurrence? 

What compliments are paid by troops on the march? 
By individuals? 

What considerations determine the conduct of a march? 

COXDUCT OF ^MARCHES 

97. Preparation. — Who is responsible that the proper 
])rei)arations for a march are made and of what do these 
preparations consist? 



/ 



[28] 

98. Forming the Column. — To form the column for a 
march who issues the necessary orders? What kind of orders n 
are issued? ', 

In general what does the march order state? What/i 
orders are issued if the command consists of two or moreo 
columns? 

What is meant by an initial ])oint and where should it be^ 
located? Who designates the initial point and what things 
must be considered? What does he prescribe so that there) 
will be no delay in starting the column? How may he pre- 
vent needless marching? 

As a general rule the larger units of a command should be 
camped in what order? 

In drafting march orders what matters should be con-'' 
sidered and worked out -so as to start each fraction of the^ 
command at the proper time? What road space per man or 
per gun is calculated for the different arms? '" 

What is the duty of subordinate commanders so that their'f 
command will start at the proper time? What is essential in 
the case of an initial point? 

When troops are located on or near the roads what is 
prescribed in orders so they will start promptly? 

99. Distribution of Troops. — What two factors control 
the order of march of a column? 

During an advance what is generally the order of march 
of a column composed of all arms? 

During a retreat? 

In mixed commands how should large bodies of cavalrj 
and horse artillery march with reference to foot troops? 

A detachment of engineers usually marches where anc 
for what purpose? 



[29] 

|! What daily change is made in the order of march of 
Organizations ? 

On the march troops keep to what side of the road? 
When roads are narrow what space, if any, is left? When 
roads are soft with mud or sandy what may be done to make 
Inarching easier? What must be guarded against in such 
bases? 

In what formation does each arm march? On trails? 
larching across country? 

100. The Start. — Before beginning a march in the mom- 
ng time is allowed for what? 
I When should the time for reveille and stables be desig- 
nated? What other duties should be attended to before de- 
.parture? About what time should foot troops start? Mounted 
jkroops? Why so late? 

fl Who gives the order for the general, boots and saddks, 
|ptc., to be sounded? W^ho superintend the preparations for 
,the march? 

,l Distances between the various units are prescribed by 
jiwhom? What is the advantage of having these distances? 
jji 101. Rate and Length of Marches. — The rate of march of 
jp, mixed command is regulated by what? With what does it 
Ivary? What conditions reduce the rate? 
' What is the rate of march of infantry? 

What is the average daih^ march of infantry and of mixed 
commands including infantry? In extensive operations with 
large bodies of troops? Small commands of seasoned infantry 
jon good roads can make what time? 

What is said of the importance of a uniform rate of 
speed? If a change in the rate is made, what is done? 

What is the rate prescribed for cavalry at drills? What 
is the average rate of the horse at a walk and trot? What is 
the usual gait and rate in the field? 



[30] 

What is the average daily march of hardened cavalry? 

What is the daily march of field artillery if attached to 
other troops? If alone? What is the rate of horse artillery 
attached to cavalry? 

Upon what does the rate of a wagon train dei)end? What | 
is the rate of large mules with light loads on good roads? In 
long columns, including halts, rate of small trains? Rate of 
wagon trains is ahout the same as what arm? 

What is the average load of a pack mule? What is the I 
daily rate of a train thus loaded on ordinary roads or trails? 
Over rough country? , 

The rate of march, the load, and the distance covered in ' 
a day with auto trucks or tractors drawing wagons depend 
upon what? 

103. Halts. — For what purpose is a command on the 
march halted at intervals? When, for how long and for what 
purpose is the first halt made? Where should the first halt 
be made? 

After the first halt, how often and for how long are halts 
made for foot troops? How may the halts be made in hot 
weather? How much liberty are the men allowed during a 
halt? 

In the cavalry how long and how frequent are the halts? 
What should be done at each halt? 

For artillery how long arc the halts? What should be 
done at each halt? 

How do troops feel about dragging out a day's march? 
In how long a march are long halts undesirable? When is an 
hour's halt near meal time advantageous? In places selected 
for long halts what are desirable features? What is done with 
arms and equipments? 



[31] 

In hot weather how are mardies made with the most com- 
fort? AVhen is it a bad time to arrive at a strange place? 

When are halts made near towns or villages? What is 
required of the men? In what commands may the units halt 
simultaneously? How may this be accomplished in longer 
columns? 

103. Crossing Bridges^ Fords, mid Ferries. — If the column 
is delayed at a broken bridge, etc., what report is sent to the 
troops in rear and why? 

When is the march of troops in rear liable to be checked 
occasionally? How may such checks be avoided? In cross- 
ing an obstacle which delays a comjiany iniit how is the latter 
conducted ? 

What places are dangerous to cross and require careful 
examination? 

What action may be taken by the commander to see that 
troops cross in the desired manner or formation? How do foot 
troops march in crossing a bridge? 

What action is taken for the care of a military bridge 
while in use? What force have the orders of the officer in 
charge? 

How may dangerous places in swamps, quicksand or fords 
be indicated? 

How should foot troop cross when the current is strong 
and the water deep? Where should they look? How may 
mounted troops assist them? 

What is the effect of difficult fords upon the march of 
long columns? What should be done to lessen this trouble? 
How may a ford become impassable? What is then necessary? 

What should be the maximum depth of fords for the dif- 
ferent arms? What difference is made if the water is sluggish? 



[32] 

What thickness of ice will support small groups of men? 
Cavalry? Light guns? Heavy guns? 

Crossing Streams on Ferries. — How much freedom is 
allowed persons operating a ferry? 

How do men enter pontons or barges? Larger vessels? 
What is required of the men so as not to interfere with the 
handling of the boat? In small boats when the water is 
rough? When there is danger? 

How are horses loaded? If room for a single row only? 
If in two rows? What is done with a horse that falls into the 
water? 

How are guns, caissons and Avagons loaded? Where are 
the teams sent? 

How is unloading done? What is required of men sitting 
down? 

How is a raft loaded? Unloaded? 

What is said of crossing of beef cattle on boats or rafts? 
How crossed? 

IQL Care of Troops. — What is the duty of commanders as 
to the condition of their commands? Aji to subordinate units 
in rear? 

What is done so that all may know tlie condition of the 
source of water supply? Under what conditions is this 
imperative ? 

Are men allowed to eat and drink all they want? Is the 
drinking of water always a necessity? How long should a can- 
teen of water last one man? Should men be allowed to empty 
their canteens to quench thirst? If water is plentiful is any 
restraint put upon the amount they drink? 

What is the duty of commanders regarding the refilling of 
canteens? How should it be done? What steps may be taken 



[33] 

to afford a convenient supply of water for troops on the march? 
How provided if water is scarce or bad? 

Watering of cavalry horses on the march depends upon 
what? In what case should tliey be watered before leaving 
camp? Are good opportunities for watering on the road made 
use of? To avoid delay how should watering be conducted? 
How is this accomplished? 

When are animals of the artillery and wagon trains 
watered? May they be watered on the march? How? 

What is the effect of hot weather on the march, especially 
for infantry? W^hat measures are adopted to minimize suffer- 
ing from heat? What must be guarded against if overheated? 

105. Straggling. — What is required for a man to leave the 
ranks? In this respect what is the duty of all officers and 
noncommissioned officers? What is done with enlisted men 
found away fr(,m their organizations without authority? What 
disposition is made of military prisoners held by the guard? 

What is done with persons found pillaging, marauding or 
committing crimes? 

106. Camp or Bivouac. — When approaching camp what 
order is issued? Its provisions? 

SPECIAL REGULATIONS 

107. Are the foregoing rules ironclad? 
How are marches classified? 

MARCHES IX PEACE 

108. Changing Station. — How often is the march order 
issued? What does it prescribe? 

Are normal distances maintained and why? 
When may mounted troops follow the infantry? When 
precede it? 



[34] 

Where may field trains and supply trains be placed? 

109. Practice March<es. — Into what two phases is the prac- 
tical training of troops divided? Practice marches come under 
which class and have what two objects in view? 

A practice march conforms to what conditions? 

What instruction should be included in practice marches? 
In maneuvers and exercises assuming the presence of an 
enemy what class of orders are issued? 

MARCHES IN CA3IPAIGN 

110. Concentration. — Marches of concentration are made 
for what purpose? Such marches require what computations? 
What other matters are considered? 

What courtesy is required when one column meets an- 
other on the march? If the heads of two columns meet at a 
distance from the enemy which has the right of way? If 
near the enemy? 

What may be done if a column in march overtakes an- 
other at a halt? 

111. Marches in the Presence of the Enemy. — What con- 
siderations control the order of march of these bodies? 

The order of march of the main body is determined by 
what? What formation is adopted when contact with the 
enemy is probable? Can one column keep informed of the 
movements of others on parallel roads? What disposition is 
made of impedimenta not needed in the combat? If a part 
of a unit of infantry is assigned to the advance guard where is 
the remainder placed? 

Where is artillery placed during an advance and why? 
What protection is it afforded? What is the position of its 
commander? If there is danger to the flanks from small 
bodies of the enemy what formation is adopted by the artil- 



[35] 

lery and how is it protected? What effect has such a forma- 
tion on part of the infantry? What is done to reduce this 
delay? When moving into action what arm has the right of 
way? 

Give an example of the distribution of troops in the main 
body of a division in such a foi-mation. 

When may it be advisable to place artillery near the rear 
of a column? 

112. Trains. — ^What protection should always be provided 
for military trains? How are field trains guarded? Supply, 
ammunition, and engineer trains? In marches into action 
what disposition is made of the trains and why? 

If a ponton battalion is to be used during the day's 
march what is its position? 

What is done if a wagon breaks down or is stalled? 

113. Forced Marches. — -The conduct of forced marches is 
controlled by what considerations? When only are they un- 
dertaken and why? When can long forced marches be made 
without injury to the troops participating? How do the size 
of the command and length of the march affect the problem? 
What should be the condition of the troops at the end of the 
march? 

How should a forced march with foot troops be made? 
What rules are followed? What is the effect of increasing the 
pace ? 

What is a maximum day's march for infantry and trains? 
Only how long should such a march be prolonged? If a forced 
march is continued several days it becomes practically what? 

How may foot troops be favored? If transportation is 
available? 

With mounted troo])s what is inci-eased? 



[36] 

What maximum rate can be maintained for three or four 
days? How is such a march conducted? What rate per 
hour is made? 

In what time can a single march of 100 miles be made? 
How conducted? What rate per hour is made? 

What maximum rate can be made for 30 or 40 miles? 
Under what condition may the rate be even greater? What 
halts are made? 

To march 150 miles what daily rate is made? For dis- 
tances over 200 miles? 

Under what conditions may it be advisable occasionally 
for the men to dismount and lead their horses rapidly? For 
their comfort what may be permitted? 

114. Night Marches. — For what purposes are they made? 
What conditions are favorable? For marches beginning 

early in the morning? What is the minimum amount of rest 
desirable? Why? As to good order what is necessary? 

What precautions are taken to avoid getting parts of the 
command lost or on the wrong road? What should be pro- 
vided when leaders are unfamiliar with the roads or trails? 
In passing through a town how are troops in rear guided? 

When a march is secret what additional precautions are 
necessary? What is the effect on the march if compelled to 
leave the road? 

What is the position in a mixed column of cavalry at 
night? Of artillery? 

CONVOYS 

115. On land how is the term convoy usually applied? 
W^hat protection have trains directly attached to a military 
force ? 



[S7] 



WAGON CONVOYS 

116. What effect has the length of a convoy on the diflS- 
culty of controlling and protecting it? What should be the 
maximum number of wagons in one? What road space is 
occupied by such a train? 

What officer is placed in charge of the transportation? 
How does he divide the train? Who is placed in charge of 
each station? 

For what purposes is a police guard assigned each section? 
When is a strong guard required? 

117. What is the distance between sections? Between 
wagons? Rate of march? In what way does its march differ 
from that of a body of troops? Are long halts made? Where 
are the slowest teams placed? 

What is done with broken wagons and their loads? 

118. Security. — What body furnishes the security for the 
convoy? Of what is an escort composed? How does the pro- 
portion of cavalry vary? 

The size of an escort depends upon what? What sort of 
a train requires a very strong escort and why? 

Who commands the convoy? He consults the officer in 
charge of transportation in regard to what matters? What 
authority have officers casually with a convoy? 

Distribution of Troops.- — When are police guards as- 
signed to the different sections and what is the distribution of 
troops in the escort? 

Advance Guard. — What is the position and general duty 
of the advance cavalry? It is accompanied by what persons? 
What points are specially examined? What measures are 
taken to prevent such places being occupied by the enemy 
before the arrival of the support? 



[38] 

"Where docs the remainder of the advance guard march? 

The advance guard conunander examines the country for 
what purpose? 

What precaution is taken upon entering a defile? 

Main Body. — Where does the main body march? If 
opposite the center what measures are taken to protect the 
head and tail of the train? 

Bear Guard. — What is the position and formation of the 
rear guard? W^hat is its strength? 

119. CaminiKj. — By whom is the camp site selected and 
with what in view? What is said of the desirability of fields 
enclosed by wire fences? 

When should herding be permitted? 

On going into camp or during long halts what formation 
does the train adopt? 

Its formation when the enemy is distant? How is a com- 
pact formation secured? 

What formations may be adopted for purposes of defense? 
What other preparations may be made if there is time? 

What are the advantages of a diamond-shaped corral? 
What is done with the animals of the first two sections? Are 
any openings left? How may all of the animals be protected 
without unhitching? 

How is the camp protected? 

Defense of a Convoy. — What is the chief duty of the 
escort? Should a convoy ever be surprised? 

What are the most vulnerable points? "Wliat is done if 
the enemy is reported near? 

When should an escort fight? What is done if the enemy 
is repulsed? What action is taken if the enemy holds a com- 
manding position or a defile on the line of march? 



[39] 

When the enemy is encountered what is the duty of the 
advance cavalry and what action may the commander of the 
escort take? 

What action is taken if menaced by small parties of the 
enemy? If attacked by a superior force? What preparations 
may be made for a stubborn resistance? To what troops and 
how is information sent? What precaution is taken if the 
enemy is repulsed? 

What is done if evident that the train cannot be saved? 

Attack of a Convoy. — What conditions are most favorable 
for attacking a convoy? What general condition expresses 
them all? 

What should the attacking force endeavor to do? What 
is the value of artillery and machine guns in such an attack? 
What is done with the train if a convoy is captured? 

CONUUCTIXCr PRISONERS 

130. What escort and guard are required for 100 
I)risoners? What formation is adopted for the captives? 
Where do captured officers march? How are prisoners treated, 
but what must they be given to understand? If the convoy 
is attacked what must they be ordered to do? Where are 
they ])laced at night? 

CONVOYS BV WATER 

121. From what does water transportation derive its 
security on interior lines of communication? How is protec- 
tion afforded against guerrillas and raiding parties? What 
means are provided for quickly dislodging hostile parties on 
shore? What measures of protection may be taken in the case 
of narrow streams or canals affording cover for the enemy on 
the banks? 



[40] 

Where is convoy escort duty performed by the nrivy and 
under what rules? 

GENERAT, ORDERS 174, WAR DEPT., 1906 

1. What matters are controlled by the army? 

2. Wliat provision is made for a supply of distilled water? 

3. (a) What matters are under the charge of the army 
as to loading? 

(b) What part of the unloading is controlled by the 
army? By the navy? 

4. (a) Who is appointed convoy commander and when; 
what information is furnished him? 

(b) He makes inspections to ascertain what? Defi- 
ciencies are reported to what authorities? 

His action in case of a failure to remedy such deficien- 
cies and action of the army commanding officer? 

5. What naval officers and men are assigned to each 
transport and supply vessel, and when and by whom are they 
detailed? What means of signalling provided? 

6. (a) Who issues orders as to destination of convoy and 
time of sailing and to whom are such orders communicated? 
What is done if after sailing circumstances require a change 
in the plan or destination? 

(b) Who has control of the movements of the convoy and 
provides for all emergencies, such as attack by the enemy and 
weather conditions? 

(c) What information does he give his subordinates? 

(d) If the convoy becomes separated who controls the 
movements of the fractions? 

7. (a) Who controls the movements of each vessel? 
(b) Has he any other authority? How are his orders 

enforced? 



L41] 

8. Who makes the plans for landing? What naval assist- 
ance nfiay be necessary? How should this assistance be ren- 
dered and Mith what object in view? What is the duty of the 
convoy commander when informed of the order of landing? 

9. In what vessel should the army commander sail? If 
not convenient where should his transport be placed and for 
what purpose? What naval officer should sail on that trans- 
port? 

COMBAT 

123. Into what two general classes is combat divided? 
How is the defensive classified? 

How are decisive results obtained? What wins battles? 
The purely passive defense is adopted when? In other cases 
for what purpose is the defensive adopted? 

COMBAT PRTXCIPI.es 

What is the importance of fire superiority? 

Of unity of command? The value of the regiment united 
in combat? Of a battalion acting as a unit? How should 
all the troops assigned the execution of a distinct tq,ctical plan 
be commanded ? 

What is said of the simplicity necessary for the task 
assigned any unit? Of what nature are the plans and methods 
productive of the best results? 

When should all troops be assigned to execute a definite 
plan? What should be avoided in putting troops into action? 

When are detachments during combat justifiable? When 
combat is imminent, what troops are required? The support of 
what part of a force can be spared during combat? 

What is the principle as to committing many troops in 
the early stages? As to keeping reserves? 



[42] 

When should the reserve be used? How long should some 
of it be kept? 

How should tlanks be protected? 

On whom does the duty of flank protection fall? How 
does this apply to the sides of gaps in combat lines? 

How long does reconnaissance continue? 

USE OF COMBINED ARMS 

193. Infantry. — What is said as to the importance of 
infantry on the battle field? The use of infantry has what 
effect on the character of the battle? What is essential to 
the success of the combined arms? 

l^i. Artillery. — Of what value to the infantry is the 
artillery? What are its targets? The support of the artillery 
must be stronger when? 

To insure close cooperation, of what must the infantry 
commander inform the artillery commander? 

How is the security of the artillery provided in combat? 
When not specifically provided for, whose duty is it to fur- 
nish such protection? 

125. Cavalry. — Duty of the cavalry preceding contact 
of the opposing troops of other arms? During combat? Any 
task assigned to it must not prevent what? What initiative 
should be given its commander? 

How is the cavalry of a field army divided? 

What is the purpose and use of divisional cavalry? 

What is the most valuable use of the cavalry division in 
the opening stages of a campaign? When is its use as a 
screen justified? Wliy? How can better results be obtained? 
Where is tlie troop leading of the cavalry division prescribed? 

How may a field army commander temporarily strengthen 
his independent cavalry? 



[43] 

By whom may cavalry divisions be combined? How 
commanded ? 

130". Special Troops. — ^Besides their regular duties, how 
may engineer troops be used? On the offensive where are 
they i^laced when used as infantry? On the defensive? 

Where are the duties laid down for other special troops? 

127. Heavy Field ArtiUerij. — In what cases is its use in- 
advisable and why? 

128. On the offensive what are its functions? 

129. On the defensive? 

What effect has it upon the enemy's light artillery? 

130. The use of heavy artillery presupposes what? What 
is its position until brought into action? 

FIHE STJPEKIORITY 

131. When should fire superiority be obtained and how 
long maintained? Its importance? Effect on troops advanc- 
ing to the attack under its cover? Cooperation of artillery? 
How should a deficiency in the volume of fire on the defensive 
be offset? 

FRONTAGE OF U>tiTS IX COMBAT 

132. What is important in formation for combat, rather 
than extension, in the initial deployment? What is the ad- 
vantage of sufficient depth? What disadvantage is there in 
troops deployed and committed to action? What will the 
progress of the combat call for that is unforseen? How is 
this extension made possible? Why are some reserves held 
until the last? What is done with the reserves at the decisive 
moment? 

Frontages for deployment are based on what? Place of 
the artillery and cavalry at initial deployment? What alone 



[44] 

How do the frontages occupied compare with the number 
of battle units? How are the duration of combat and the 
need for the security of the flanks affected by the size of the 
command? What does each higher leader keep out? How 
does the front of a division deployed compare with that of a 
brigade? That of a field army with that of a division? 

When may a unit be given a frontage limited only by the 
requirements of fire efficiency? When is the same true of 
reserves? How are flanks protected if exposed? 

Frontages of units no larger than a brigade are prescribed 
where? How are frontages determined for larger units than 
a brigade? 

Divisions and Field Armies. — When is the maximum front- 
age of a division in its initial deployment from 1% to 2 miles? 
To what would a field army of three divisions be limited? If 
a more extended frontage be necessary, how are the dangers 
met? 

INTRENCHMENTS 

133. On the defensive, strengthening of the position is 
limited to what? On the offensive where are intrenchments 
used? What is the best protection against losses by troops 
advancing to the attack? When are intrenchments used in the 
attack? 

USE OF MACHINE GUNS 

134. What is their character as weapons? When are they 
used to best advantage? For how long a time is their use 
effective? When engaged, how much should they be used? 
On the offensive how are they used? How is the effect of the 
enemy's fire on machine guns lessened? 



[45] 



POST OF THE LEADER 

135. On the march, when contact with the enemy is prob- 
able, what is the post of the leader of each column? During 
action, in forces no larger than a brigade, where is he? In 
divisions, how may he supervise the action? Where is his 
position in forces not larger than a division? In forces larger 
than a division, and in the division, when he cannot find a 
point of observation for proper supervision? Why? What 
must be the character of his communication with all parts of 
the battlefield? 

RESERVES 

136. Why is an early deployment of troops for the firing 
line necessary? What is necessary besides rifle fire and artil- 
lery fire to drive trained infantry from a position? What line 
prepares the way for the assault? Fresh troops must be at 
hand for what purpose? On the defensive, troops must be 
held for what purpose? What is required when flanks are 
vulnerable? How long must some troops be kept out of the 
firing line? 

What is the importance of the reserve, on the offensive? 
On the defensive? All troops must be engaged when? 

137. What is the leader's guide in fixing the strength of 
the reserve? On the offensive what fraction is held out at 
first, in units as large as a regiment? In the passive defense, 
what governs in fixing the si/e of the reserve? When the 
flanks are otherwise secured, how small a reserve may suffice? 
In the defense, when are strong reserves required? How much 
may thus be held for a reserve? 

In an attack by a division or larger force, what is the 
action of the brigade reserves? In the brigade on the outer 
flank of an enveloping movement, how may the reserve be 



[46] 

used at the last? In the defense, how is the brigade reserve 
used? 

138. In Divisions. — In divisions, how is the division re- 
serve used? A decisive engagement will call for the use of 
what part of the reserves before a decision is reached? If 
any part of the reserve remains in hand when a retreat be- 
comes necessary, for what will it be used? 

139. In Field Armies. — In field armies how may the size 
of the general reserve compare proportionally with that of a 
division acting alone? How should it not be used? What is 
its best use? 

140. Artillery. — Is artillery suitable as a reserve? What 
is done with it, when the unit of which it forms a part is held 
as a reserve? 

Cavalry. — In M-hat does the value of cavalry as a reserve 
lie? What is the importance of the cavalry division to the 
leader of the field army? What is the objection to relying 
wholly upon cavalry for a reserve? What then is necessary? 

FLAX or ACTIOK 

141. Upon what information and study is the plan of 
action based? After contact is gained what different courses 
of action may be decided upon? What kind of action must 
l)e the rule and when may it be departed from? 

What factors must be considered in arriving at the deci- 
sion? What will usually win? What courses of action may be 
adopted in doubtful cases? What is the objection to such a 
course? What is the mission of an army in war? Its im- 
portance ? 



[47] 



COMBAT ORDERS 

142. What is the form of the initial combat orders of the 
division and of higher units? Troops may be put in motion 
in the desired direction by what form of orders? When used, 
what must be done as soon as possible? After the action has 
begun what will be the nature of the greater number of the 
orders given by the higher commanders? In units larger than 
a regiment how will such orders be delivered and recorded 
as far as practicable? 

What principles must be borne in mind in issuing combat 
orders? 

What must be the nature of combat orders as to decision 
and definiteness? Vague or ambiguous orders indicate what? 
What right have troops in this respect? 

143. Armies. — In armies, combat orders will often be in 
what form? When may formal combat orders be issued? Of 
what general statement do such orders consist? The army 
commander acquaints the field army commanders of what 
matters and by what means? 

144. Field Armies.— In field armies of what do combat 
orders consist? What matters have no place in them? 

145. Divisions. — In divisions or in smaller forces made up 
of two or more arms of what will the combat orders consist? 
What matters are left to subordinate commanders? 

146. Why may personal conferences between tlie higher 
commanders and their subordinates be advisable? Such con- 
ferences are not for what purpose? What is the responsibility 
of the higher commander in regard to his decision? 

147. What may be the nature of the tasks given to divi- 
sions in field armies and brigades in divisions? In divisions, 
in what cases are the special troops assigned tasks in orders? 



[48] 

What do these orders provide in respect to ammunition supply 
and to the sanitary service? To the trains? 

148. AVhat provision is made in combat orders for the 
protection of flanks and for local reconnaissance? Why not? 
When may the attention of a subordinate be directed to such 
matters in orders? 

149. In what cases are commanders of subordinate units 
responsible for proper action in the absence of orders? When 
is a lack of initiative on the part of a subordinate commander 
inexcusable? 

DEVELOPMENT AKD DEPLOYMENT FOR ACTION 

150. In armies what is the character of the objectives 
assigned to each field army and M'hen are they determined? 
What matters depend upon the objective? What is the, object 
in view? 

151. What size forces will march in more than one 
column in the theater of operations? ^ What exception is made 
to this rule? When are divisions within supporting distance 
of each other? A\niat must be the intervals between divisions 
in field armies? 

152. When an encounter witli the enemy is probable, what 
must be done with respect to reconnaissance and preparation 
for deployment? In what cases and how are single route 
columns shortened? How is this extension secured? When 
are these columns again broken up into smaller parallel columns 
and to what extent? 

153. What precautions must be taken in this development 
for action? How soon does this development take place in 
divisions and smaller units? 

154. Combats of armies or field armies are made up of 
what? In divisions what task is given to the brigades? To 



[49] 

what extent does the division commander retain control over 
the troops actually engaged in combat? What arm can imme- 
diately respond to demands for support by troops already 
engaged? How does the division commander use this arm? 
How are the reserves placed and maneuvered? 

155. To what extent does the field army commander inter- 
fere in the leading of the divisions moving upon their objec- 
tives? What is the best weapon for this purpose? 

156. After the initial deployment of the division for 
action, the subsequent troop leading of the brigade and smaller 
units follows what principles? 

157. What is done with the cavalry when the infantry 
enters into the action? What should thereafter be the position 
of the former? How may its position be influenced by the 
strength of the enemy's cavalry? 

158. In armies the cavalry divisions will usually remain 
under whose orders? 

159. In field armies and in divisions whose function is 
the selection of the flank toward which their cavalry will fall 
back when obliged to uncover the front? Which flank should 
be selected? Throughout the entire action what is the duty 
of the cavalry? How is this best effected in field armies and 
divisions? May it be used to cover both flanks? 

THE SURPRISE 

160. What principle is violated in being surprised? If 
forced into action suddenly and unprepared, what is usually 
the best line of conduct? What is important, if the enemy 
is still beyond close range? How is the artillery used? What 
is done if near enough for a charge? Lender what conditions is 
this principle especially applicable? What is the danger in 
attempting to retire at once? 



[50] 

When on the march or at rest what is the best means to 
guard against surprise? In action what is the best protection 
against surprise on the flanks or from the rear? 

THK RENCOKTRE 

161. In the rencontre, where there is no surprise, success 
depends mainly upon what? To what kind of troops is the 
rencontre natural, presenting the fewest difficulties? When is 
quick decision on the part of the leader possible? How must 
he change his mental plans on the march? To whom does this 
principle apply? 

162. What two courses are open to the commander of the 
advance guard? What effect will its action have on that of the 
entire force? What relation must it have to the plans .of the 
supreme commander? What information must the advance 
guard commander have of such plans? How should such infor- 
mation affect his action? What other factors may affect his 
decision? Effect of enemy's action? 

What may cause a faulty initial deployment? What must 
then be the action of the advance guard? How long must it 
hold its position? Its disposition then? 

The duty of the advanced detachments upon encountering 
the enemy? How is this task best accomplished? Effect of 
seizing and holding important supporting points? 

What is the value of the early use of the artillery? 

OFFENSIVE COMBAT 

The Attack 

163. In forces how large is a simultaneous effective 
advance against the entire hostile front out of the question? 
Modern battles are made up of what? What is the nature of 



[51] 

the fronts held by field armies as regards uuiforinity of 
strength ? 

Where are decisive attacks made and what must be done 
to insure success? The attack thus develops into what two 
parts ? 

164. What is the first requisite to success? When obtained 
and for how long? It depends mainly upon what? AVhen may 
it not be obtainable? What then is best? How is this accom- 
})lished? When may both flanks be enveloped and a frontal 
attack be made at the same time? What is the objection to 
enveloping both flanks without a frontal attack? 
P 165. With what size forces is the direct attack practicable 
as a whole? In the local combats of the smaller units what 
kind is usually practicable? 

166. What significance have the tenns "frontal" and 
"enveloping" with reference to the relative positions of the 
contending forces? What does the enveloping attack usually 
become, so far as the brigade and smaller units involved are 
concerned? In what direction will all attacks ultimately be 
made ? 

167. Why are i)reconcerted plans covering all phases of 
an attack objectionable? As to energy how do the frontal and 
the enveloping attacks at first compare? What part of the 
attacking line is later given added momentum and strength? 
How is this accomplished and for what purpose? What does 
the remainder of the force do? 

168. Selection of Enemy's Flank to Ejivelop or Turn. — 
What kind of considerations govern in this selection? What 
tactical considerations apply? What strategical considerations? 
What other matters must be considered? Where tactical and 
strategical considerations conflict, which must govern? What 
is of i)rimary importance? 



[53] 

The Enveloping Attack 

169. What are the advantages of envelopment? 

170. What is the value of surprise to the success of an 
enveloping attack? The time that tlie enemy has to meet the 
attack may be reduced to a minimum how? What may the 
enemy be kept from knowing? 

Which side can readily extend its flank beyond the other's? 
Why? What is the danger of an attempt to meet such a move- 
ment? What is usually the better course? 

Turning Movement 

171. In what size forces and in conjunction with Avhat 
kind of attacks may they be used? What should be the strength 
and composition of the holding and the turning forces and 
why? When only is the turning movement justifiable? 

The Holding Attack 

172. What is its purpose? What is the governing idea 
involved? What is the time, amount and kind of fire action 
used and the general formation of the deplojnnent ? The 
strength of supports and reserves? How do holding attacks 
differ from delaying actions? What is eventually required of 
the holding force? Wliat care must be taken with the holding 
attack? ^\1iat advantage may the enemy gain from a pre- 
mature attack by this force? 

The Assault 

173. When is fire action alone insufficient? What more 
is required? 

174. In large forces are assaults local or general? In 
what size forces are combined assaults impracticable? In what 



[53] 

units may they be made and how are they timed? What is 
required of the other units? 

175. At the outset what plans can the superior leader 
make concerning the assault and when can the point of the 
assault be definitely fixed? Therefore how must the different 
parts be handled and the reserves be placed? 

176. Selection of Objective. — At the time for the assault 
how far advanced are all the firing lines? The selection of the 
objective and the time for the assault is determined by whom? 
In the absence of orders when are subordinate commanders 
not justified in pushing to the assault? 

177. Who alone is in position to direct the different units 
so as to insure success? What is the danger if the assault 
is otherwise ordered or initiated? When only can assaults by 
small bodies of troops succeed? Otherwise what may be the 
result? What is the duty of the higher commanders during 
the fire fight and when do they send in the reserves? What is 
their duty as regards premature minor assaults? 

178. Support by Fire. — By what fire is the assault sup- 
jiorted and where is it directed? What is the duty of the 
artillery during the assault? 

The Pursuit 

179. Importance, — By what means only can the full fruits 
of victory and decisive results therefrom be obtained? What 
ends the campaign? Pursuit must be made when and how long 
continued? 

180. Initiation. — When the enemy is driven from his 
position, what troops initiate the pursuit locally? Supports 
and reserves still in hand are held for what purpose? When 
are such local reserves designated to follow the enemy and in 
what direction? What causes this local pursuit to be short 



lot] 

lived? What action is then taken and why? Who issues the 
necessary orders? Where the defeat of the enemy has been 
decisive wliat is the most effective method of ])ursuit? When 
is it necessary to assemble and reorganize the troops prior to 
the pursuit? In such a case by what troops is the pursuit 
inaugurated? What is the action of the other troops? 

181. When the enemy commences his withdrawal before 
ills front lines have given away, what is the action of the troops 
committed to the attack? What is the action of the cavalry 
and horse artillery? Of the general reserves of the infantry 
and artillery that are still intact? 

182. Under all circumstances what is the task of a pur- 
suing force? What must be the manner in which the duty is 
performed? What is the probal)ility of the enemy assuming a 
dangerous offensive? 

183. Cavalry and Artillery. — When does the cavalrj^ take 
up the pursuit of a beaten enemy? AVhat troops pursue 
directly on the roads over which he is retreating? What is the 
action of the bulk of the mounted troops, cavalry and horse 
artillery? What is the relation of this force to the other 
troops? What are its metliods of action? Its mission? How 
far will the remaining artillery be sent? 

(c) Broad Front. — ^What method of pursuit brings the 
best results and why? What is done if the enemy takes up a 
position to hold part of the pursuing force? What is the 
advantage of several pursuing columns? In pursuing on a 
broad front, what must be guarded against? 

DEFENSIVE COMBAT 

The Passive Defense 

184. How may a force accomplish its mission without 
combat? What is the object in this case? What determines 



[55] 

the position selected? Is the firing line strong- or weak? For 
Avhat are reserves used? How strong are sup]iorts and local 
reserves? 

185. When is the ])ia-ely passive defense justified? What 
is the nature of its results? 

The Defense Seeking a Favorable Decision 

186. What is the importance of this form of the defense? 
When may a force whose intentions are offensive be forced 
to assume the defensive, (1) voluntarily, and (2) involuntarily? 
What is its conduct in either case? 

187. When does the crisis of this form of the defensive 
come and what does it mark? M'^ho decides the right moment 
at which this change should be made? By what means does 
he effect it? What must be the comparative strength of the 
supports and reserves? Of the firing line and wh}^? What 
field of fire is essential? What olistacles are objectionable? 

The Counter Attack 

188. When is it determined at which part of the enemy's 
line the counter attack will be launched? How will weakness 
in parts of his line be disclosed, how accentuated or developed? 

Why may this attack be made at his strongest point? Who 
determines the time and place for making it? What force 
is then used entire or in part? By whom and for what purpose 
may local counter attacks be made? To what are they limited? 

189. What two different methods may be used in the 
counter attack? How^ may the fighting line be used to give 
it the impulse? 

190. How and when are artillery and machine gun fire 
used to aid the counter attack? What is the objection to 
using this fire too soon and how may the enemy meet the attack? 



[56] 

Cavalry in Defensive Combat 

191. How does the importance of cavalry in defensive 
combat compare with it in the offensive? What must be its 
relation to the infantry? Its location and action? What of its 
opportunities for mounted action? Its cooperation is limited 
to what part of the battle? What effect may its action have 
in bringing about the counter attack? What must be the 
relation of the cavalry commander to the superior leader and 
of the cavalry to the general reserve? What are the means 
available to the superior leader to change successfully from 
the defensive to the offensive? 

Defensive Positions 

192. When may a defensive position be taken up and 
strengthened? 

193. Requisites. — What are the requisites of a defensive 
position? Obstacles in front must lie such as not to interfere 
with what? Except in what case? 

194. Division and Occupation. — How is the front of a 
position divided and assigned? The subunits provide what? 
To what extent is the position prepared for defense? What is 
the governing consideration in its selection and strengthening? 
Positions for what other arm are selected and prepared and 
when occupied? What is done with the artillery in the mean- 
time? What artillery firing must such positions afford? In 
what way can artillery best serve the needs of the defense? 

195. Position of Genera! Reserve. — What should be its 
position? When is it held in a central position? When may 
it be advisable to divide the general reserve and hold it in 
two or more positions widely apart? 

196. Advanced Positions and Posts. — Why is the occupa- 
tion by a strong force of any position in advance of the main 



[57] 

position objectionable? Why may it be necessary to occupy 
such positions and how strong should the force be that is 
detailed for the purpose? What is the principle that governs? 
How do these principles apply to advanced posts? 

197. Supporting Points. — What is the rule as to uniformity 
of strength of a defensive line? How will certain naturally 
strong points be used? They should be selected with what in 
view? Where are such points especially desirable? Where 
should they be located with reference to the main position? 

Positions in readiness 

198. For what purpose may troops be placed in a position 
in readiness for action? Such a position may be preliminary 
to what? If for the purpose of taking the offensive what is 
required as to a defensive position? How are the troops 
developed for action? If for defensive purposes, what action 
is taken as to defensive positions? In what case should a line 
or supporting point be occupied and strengthened at once? 
What troops will be assigned to it without delay? 

199. What will be done with the remainder of the 
infantry? With the artillery? How will reconnaissance be 
made? 

200. Requisites. — What are the requisites of a position in 
readiness? 

WithdravHil from Action 

L 201. What skill in troop leading does withdrawal from 
-action require? How long is a leader not justified in with- 
drawing from the field of battle? What is the principle in 
holding out reserves for the sole purpose of covering a possible 
retreat? When defeat is certain how are the reserves used? 
What may be the result if no troops are available to cover the 



[58] 

withdrawal? In the absence of reserves what troops are used 
for this purpose? What other arms may be thus used unspar- 
ingly? How used? 

202. Order of }¥ilhdraioal. — It is desirable to withdraw 
what troops first? The terrain may dictate the withdrawal of 
what troops and why? 

Covering Positions 

303. What is the most important requisite in retreat? 
What should be the location of the first covering position occu- 
pied? In what direction will defeated line usually be forced 
to retreat? How does this fact affect the location of the 
covering positions? What facilities must they aflford the 
occupying force? What force occupies the selected position, 
if at hand? What fire effect is desirable? How is this gained? 
What of the strength of supports and reserves for this line? 
How may machine guns be used effectively? What of the 
field of fire at short ranges ? What is the position of the artil- 
lery and why? 

204. Successive Covering Positions. — For what purpose 
may successive covering positions be taken up? AVhat prin- 
ciples apply to these positions? In short their occupation is 
for what purpose? 

Assembly Positions 

305. In what formation do troops actively engaged usually 
fall back for several miles? What is the principle as to the 
distance in rear to where disorganized troops are re-formed? 
Duty of reserves in this connection? Of the smaller units? 

206. Who selects the assembly position and when? Plans 
for what other matters? 



[59] 

The Retreat 

307. AVIiat is tlic effect of a long- eontimied holding of 
.successive covering positions? What must he done to reduce 
their numher to a inininuini? 

308. Preparation of Plan. — What plans for retreat should 
the leader previously make? Duty of the higher staff officers 
in this connection? Lines of retreat are selected with what in 
view? With reference to our other forces? What action by 
the enemy must be thwarted? What plans are made as to 
covering positions? 

209. Assignment of Roads. — What assignment of roads is 
made? What units provide for their own protection and how? 

210. Preliminary Measures. — When the engagement has 
been decisive, in what form are the orders for retreat? When 
is the combined order issued? What is done with the trains? 
With those troops that have been but slightly engaged? What 
are the last troops to withdraw and when are they brought 
into order of march? 

311. Rear Guard.- — W^hat must be the first care of the 
leader? What troops are best adapted for this duty? What 
cavalry and artillery are assigned to it? What is the strength 
of the infantry assigned to it? As to composition how does 
the rear guard differ from the advance guard? How is it 
commanded? 

313. Conduct. — The conduct must be governed by what 
consideration? Wlien does a rear guard fail in its mission? 
When does it accomplish its mission? What negative measures 
may be used? To what extent may its commander destroy? 

313. In what general formation must the rear guard fall 
back and why? W^hen may flank detachments be necessary? 
What must be the relative position of the different columns of 
a rear guard? When may good })Ositions be disregarded? To 



[60] 

what extent must the march of tlie main body be expedited? 
What can be thus avoided? What points must be secured? 
When and how may strong flank positions be occupied? How 
must hostile cavalry detachments on the flanks be kept at a 
distance and how will our cavalry be used? 

214. What troops may have to suffer the heaviest losses? 

215. What is the relative position of divisions retreating 
on parallel roads? How is the cavalry division best employed? 

Delaying Actions 

216. Delaying actions are divided into what two classes? 

217. In the first case what is the comparative strength of 
the firing line, supports and reserves? What is required as to 
field of fire? As to terrain? What is done as sooa as the 
enemy comes within assaulting distance? 

218. In the second case what kind of fire is important? 
How does this diff^er from the preceding case as to field of fire 
at short ranges? How long must artillery and machine guns 
remain in action? 

219. In all cases of delaying actions what is required as 
to field of fire? Why? Extent of firing line? Position of 
supports and reserves? Use of obstacles? Of defiles? 

XIGHT COMBAT 

220. Why do night operations increase in importance? 
For what purposes must troops make use of darkness? For 
what other purpose may night operations be necessary? 

The Offensive 

221. Why are night attacks objectionable and when are 
they resorted to? How are they considered for poor troops 
and inefficient leaders? Why is chance the important factor? 



[61] 

223. In what cases may a night attack appear advisable? 

223. What is the practicability of making such attack 
simultaneously along the entire front of a division or field 
army? How large a force may make such attack against one 
definite objective in the enemy's line? What is required for 
each regiment and battalion? If along a more extended front 
than that of a brigade, how is it made? 

224. By whose order or consent only are they made? What 
must be done by daylight? What knoM^edge is necessary for 
the subordinate commanders? The cooperation of other troops 
is provided by whom? 

The Defensive 

225. What aflford the best protection against night attacks? 
What is done when the approach of the enemy is evident? 
When is fire opened? On what must the principle reliance in 
repelling attack be placed? How are the reserves used? 

Night Advance 

226. For what other purpose may an advance be made at 
night? Preliminary to such a movement what reconnaissance 
should be made? How long before daylight should the new 
position be occupied? 

BIVOUAC ON THE BATTLEFIELD 

227. In combats between armies or field armies how much 
time may elapse before a decision is reached? What effect 
has this condition upon the troops? What provision should 
be made to lessen this effect? Shelter and comfort must be 
subordinated to what? 

228. What prevents forces in contact from obtaining rest 
at night? When may they rest? 



[62] 

229. May the firing line be relieved at night? In bivouac 
at night how will the firing line differ from the other troops? 
What means for security are provided? How may sentry 
posts be strengthened? How are the flanks and rear protected? 
Artillery positions? What is forbidden within range and ob- 
servation of the enemy? 

230. What is often done at the approach of dawn by the 
offensive? By the defensive? What is necessary to prepare 
for such action on the part of the enemy? 

arEASURES TO BE TAKEX AFTER THE BATTLE 

231. If the enemy is defeated and in retreat, for what 
must the leader plan? What is his next care? What other 
matters are then attended to? If defeated and obliged to 
retreat what is done with the wounded? 

Article VI 
SHELTER 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES 

232. Regarding shelter what is necessary to maintain the 
efficiency of a command? 

In time of peace how are troops in the field generally 
sheltered? How often are tents pitched on marches? In time 
of peace when may public buildings be used for sheltering 
troops? When only may private buildings be entered? 

In time of war when and for what purpose may public 
buildings be used? When may seizure be resorted to? In 
enemy's territory what buildings may be used? Why is the 
use of private buildings not favored? When any buildings are 
to be taken for shelter, who should be consulted? How are 
families considered? 



[63] 

233. When are troops said to be in camp? 
When in bivouac? 

When in cantonment? 

How are cantonments often developed? When are they 
advantageous? 

234. What is billeting?* 

235. The allowance of tentagc to be carried on the march 
is prescribed where? The allowance at other times? 

SHELTER IN THE SERVICE OF THE INTERIOR 

236. In mobilization and concentration camps how are 
troops sheltered and cared for? What is said as to the size 
of such camps or cantonments? What conditions should be 
fulfilled: 

1. As to the character and size of the ground to be 
occupied? 

2. As to water supply? 

3. As to railroad facilities? 

4. As to roads? 

When should arrangements for the accommodation of the 
troops be made? Camps are laid out with what considerations 
in view? liOcation of each headquarters? What are the 
various details of the preparation? AVhat is the location of 
the general headquarters? It is connected with wire commu- 
nication with what other headquarters? Location of depots, 
storehouses and hospitals? How are trains placed with respect 
to the troops? 

What individuals, troops, or trains should not be attached 
to the permanent camp personnel? Whose function is it to 



*What protection is afforded by tlie Constitution ot cnc -Jn-fcd 
States for owners of private building? ' 



[64] 

operate depots, hospitals, camp telephone and telegraph lines, 
etc.? For what must the troops temporarily present be con- 
stantly ready? 

SHELTER IK THE THEATER OF OPERATIONS 

237. What considerations generally control the location 
of the camp? 

In actual field operations tentage is limited to what? In 
certain instances what may be used for additional shelter? 

What action is taken in case of a halt of considerable 
duration? What other kinds of shelter is then made use of? 

238. Selection of Site. — In war can troops often find desir- 
able camping places? How much weight is given to sanitary 
considerations ? 

When may a camp site be selected with great care? ' What 
may be the effect on the troops of unsanitary camp sites? 
What staff officer should assist in the selection of a camp site? 

What conditions govern in the selection of camp sites: 

1. As to the ground to be occupied? 

2. As .to water supply? 

3. As to roads? 

4. As to supplies? 

What kind of soil and ground surface is the best? How 
are banks of rivers considered? 

What should be the character of the ground in hot weather ? 

In cold weather? 

What places are undesirable for sanitary reasons? Why 
are marshy ground and stagnant water objectionable? What 
is the objection to ground near the foot of a hill? What 
other conditions are unfavorable? The camp site of one unit 
should be selected with what in view regarding roads and 
other units? 



165J 

How often should camp sites be changed? Why? 

239. Form and Dimensions of Camps. — The forms of the 
camp should be such as to facilitate what? The form will 
depend upon what? When must a camp be contracted? When 
may it be more expanded in area? 

Where are the different forms, dimensions, etc., prescribed? 

240. Establishing the Camp. — Camp is established pursuant 
to what order? For what two principal matters does this 
order proAide? In camps of large commands what are the 
largest units that are encamped intact? 

Who selects the camping ground? How is the work of 
selection and assignment of the camps of the various units 
jierformed? He arranges for what important matters con- 
cerning the use of water? 

W^hat duties are performed by troops going into camp 
concerning enforcement of orders as to proper use of water 
supply; the camp guard; animals of mounted troops; tents; 
kitchens and supplies; latrines and pits; ditches? 

In the presence of the enemy what must be provided for? 
What provision is made for communication with the outpost? 

241. BiJletinc/. — AVho makes the arrangements for billet- 
ing? With whom does he confer and how is the assignment of 
quarters made? 

Is this kind of shelter always sufficient, and if not what is 
done? What facilities for the comfort of the troops may 
villages and farms afford? In that case where is it advan- 
tageous to camp or bivouac? 

242. Bivouacs. — Under what different conditions may 
troops bivouac from necessity and from choice? How are they 
considered from a tactical point of view? From a sanitary 
point of view? What principles govern in the selection of 



[66] 

sites? What should be the character of the ground? For 
what arm are light woods desirable and why? 

What is a convenient method of resting for the artillery? 

Shelter During Battle 

243. Where do men and officers rest during a lull in an 
engagement or when hostilities are suspended for the night? 
Reserves required to be in instant readiness? ^\^at shelter 
may be permitted after outposts are established? 

Shelter During Sieges 

244. The camp or cantonment of the besieger's main body 
is at what distance from the enemy's works and why? What 
amount of troops is required for outpost duty and why? 
Where do they go when that duty is completed? 

To what is the most careful attention paid and why? 

245. Care of Troops. — What is the effect on troops of lack 
of sufficient rest? What measures are taken by commanders 
to secure rest for troops? 

What rules must be enforced as strictly as possible? 

What measures are taken to prevent men lying on the 
damp ground; in temporary camps; in cold weather? 

If troops are to remain in camp for some time what is done 
with underbrush? What for the comfort of the animals? 

What is the character of guard and other routine duties 
in standing camps? How is the dut}'^ of watering, feeding and 
grooming performed? 

How is the duty of camp police performed? 

What is the duty in regard to airing bedding and clothing? 

Where are arms and equipments kept? Horse equipments? 
In the cavalry? In the artillery? 



[67] 

What care must be taken in regard to water supply? 
When several commands are encamped along the same stream 
ulio regulates this matter? 

In small streams how may the water supply be increased? 
In small springs, and how is surface drainage kept off? 

What is done with water when there is doubt as to its 
purity? 

246. Where are latrines located and how many are re- 
quired? What precaution must be taken as to the drainage or 
overflow from latrines? 

What is the character of trenches in camps for one night 
only? In more permanent camps? What provision is made 
to keep flies from the deposits? How are urinal troughs 
arranged? What is done each day? When nearly filled what 
is done? Before the march is resumed what is the duty in 
regard to all latrine and kitchen pits? In permanent camps 
or cantonments what may be used for urinal purposes at night? 
When emptied? 

Part III 
ADMINISTRATION 

Article I 

GENERAL 

247. In time of war the activities of the military establish- 
ment embrace what? 

248. The service of the interior is carried on by whom? 

249. The service of the theater of operations is carried on 
by whom? The theater of operations is divided into what two 
zones ? 

The service of the interior functions when; that of the 
theater of operations when? 



[68] 

Articij: II 
THE SERVICE OF THE INTERIOR 

GENERAL 

250. What is the function of the service of the interior in 
time of war? 

This service is carried on by whom? By whom and through 
whom are their respective operations directed and coordinated? 

251. Bureau Chiefs. — What are their functions? With 
reference to the Secretary of War and the Chief of Staff. 

To the plans of the field forces? 

General depots of supply, general hospitals, arsenals, etc.? 

Supplies and materiel? 

Estimates? 

252. Department Commander. — What are his functions 
with reference to: recruitment, training, and equipment? 

Movement of troops? 

Physical examinations and prophylactic treatments? 

State of preparedness of his troops? 

Defense? 

BIOBII.IZATIOX AXD CONCENTRATION 

253. Mobilization Camps. — What is a mobilization camp? 
Where will the mobilization of the regular army be 

eflPected? How recruited? 

W^here will the mobilization of the organized militia and 
volunteers be effected? 

Where are the general instructions relative to mobilization 
published ? 

Department commanders are responsible for what three 
matters relative to the supply of troops leaving mobilization 
points? 



[69] 

954. Concentration Camps. — What is a concentration 
camp? 

The command of troops at a concentration camp lies with 
what oflficer? The commander deals directly with whom? In 
case exception to these rules is to be made, or when in doubt, 
how should the matter be settled? 

255. Concentration Camp at a Port of Embarkation. — In 
what case will the responsibility for camp sites and facilities 
and the necessary supplies devolve upon the commanding officer 
of the port of embarkation? What arrangements are made to 
assist in making the detailed arrangements? In case no per- 
manent staff is provided at the port of embarkation, who will 
make all provision for receiving, camping and supplying the 
troops? How are the necessary- supplies obtained? 

256, Concentration at a Point near the Scene of Intended 
Operations. — In this case who will make provision for receiving, 
camping and supplying the troops? In case no such additional 
personnel is provided, who tlien will make the preliminary 
arrangements? 

357. Duties of the Commander of the Port Of Embarka- 
tion. — What are his duties with reference to: 

(a) Camps? 

(b) Supplies until arrival at a port of debarkation? 

(c) Supplies at oversea base to last how long? 

(d) Detraining and embarkation? 

(e) Transports? 

(f) Shipping? 

(g) Administrative groups assigned to the port of em- 
barkation? 



[70] 

What are his relations with the commander of the troops 
at the camp? 

What are the duties of the former in regard to the em- 
barkation? Those of the latter? These schedules will be made 
after consultation with whom? 

If opposition to the landing is expected, the plans will be 
governed by what requirements? In case of disagreement, 
whose decision will be final? Whose, when no opposition is 
expected ? 

What must be the relations between the two? 

258. Oversea Departments. — What is the function of the 
department commander with reference to the oversea depart- 
ment? What regulations are vested in the commander of an 
oversea department? '' 

Article III 
THE SERVICE OF THE THEATER OF OPERATIONS 

GENERAL 

259. What are the functions of the War Department with 
reference to the commander of tlie field forces? 

What are the functions of the commander of the field 
forces ? 

Of the commander of the line of communications and to 
whom is he responsible? 

HEADQUARTERS AKD STAFFS 

260. What units have headquarters and staffs? The head- 
quarters of what units have no administrative functions? What 
headquarters has temporary administrative functions and what 
is therefore assigned to it temporarily? With what questions 



[Tl] 

does the commander of an army concern himself solely? What 
does he leave to his subordinate commanders? What staffs 
is he assigned? 

The staff functions of units larger than a brigade may be 
divided into what two groups? What does the second include? 

261. The General Staff. — What relations should exist be- 
tween the commander and his chief of staff? What are the 
duties of the latter with regard to the operations of troops and 
the administrative and technical services under the orders of 
the commander? What provision is made for his assistance? 
What work is assigned .to each assistant? 

The work of the first or combat section consists of what? 
Of the second or administrative section? 
Of the third or intelligence section? 

262. Technical and Administrative Staff. — This includes 
what? What kind of duties do they perform? When and in 
what commands are their functions advisory? Upon the dis- 
continuance of such conditions what are their duties? 

What is the objection to separating such staff officers from 
the division to which they are assigned? What is their function 
toward the division commander and toward tlie personnel of 
their respective corps? 

263. The Commander of the Line of Communications. — To 
whom does he report directly? 

W^hat is the mission of the tactical units assigned to this 
command ? 

Of what should the commander of the field forces be 
relieved and for what purpose? 

When is a line of communications not organized? In this 
case what principles apply to administration and supply? 



[72]. 

Article IV 
THE ZONE OF THE ADVANCE 

GENERAL 

264. M^hat is the importance of tlie division as an ad- 
ministrative unit? What trains are regularly attached to the 
division alone? For what purposes may field army troops be 
assigned to divisions? What eifect has this on the divisional 
trains? When such troops are organized into a separate 
brigade their administration and supply follow what principles? 
In this case what trains are organized and assigned? 

265. What is the fundamental pfinciple of military ad- 
ministration? How should the lmi)etus in all these matters be 
given ? 

How are normal routine requirements provided? To what 
supplies has this particular application? 

266. Whose function is it to keep the divisions connected 
with the base? 

How may the distance from the line of communications to 
the division vary? 

267. What must be the mobility of the administrative 
services of a division? To what transportation are they limited? 
What supplies for the sick and wounded does the sanitary 
train carry? 

268. How is the division relieved from the care of its 
sick and wounded and of the material which it is not equipped 
to carry? 

269. The different forces involved are considered as 
operating in what zone? The same principles apply when 
operating where? 



173] 



TRASrSPORTATIOX 

270. What is the function of the various trains? 
To meet these requirements demands what? 
What is required of these officers? 

271. How much impedimenta is allowed and what is 
done with the remainder? 

272. What is the responsibility of organization commanders 
in this connection? Of train commanders and guards with 
reference to persons riding? 

273. In what part of the road are trains halted? 

274. Trains. — Transportation attached to organizations is 
grouped under what two heads? 

Besides these what belong to the advance section of the 
line of communications? 

275. Combat Trains. — What do they include? What 
vehicles are attached for technical use? 

What is the position of combat trains? From what troops 
may they be separated? 

276. FieAd Trains. — What do they include? Where are 
wagons of sutlers, correspondents, etc., placed? What is done 
with the headquarters wagons of brigades and divisions? 

Field trains are assigned to what units and are how divided ? 
What arrangement is made for the baggage of each organi- 
zation? 

277. When an organization is operating independently, 
under whose control are the field trains? When not operating 
independently? When grouped with the division train? 

When are they again at the disposition of the organization? 
Where are the trains during combat and why? 

When and how are troops given access to their baggage? 
Where do the ration vehicles go when unloaded? What is done 
with the baggage sections on the following morning? 



[74.] 

278. Ammunition, Supply, Sanitary, and Engineer 
Trains. — What does the ammunition train include? 

The supply train? What may be attached to it? 
The sanitary train includes what? 
The engineer train? 

279. Ammiinition, Supply, Sanitary, and Engineer 
Columns. — To what do these columns belong and to what are 
they attached? For what purpose are they? 

280. Commander of trains. — A commander of trains and 
the necessary assistants and troops are assigned to what units? 
What are his duties? 

281. When the trains of more than one division march on 
the same road, who decides questions of precedence in their 
movement and camping? 

282. When combat is imminent, what action is taken with 
reference to the ammunition, sanitary, and engineer trains? 

After the period of combat what is done with them? 

283. When troops are in camp, out of the presence of the 
enemy, under whose control may the ammunition, supply, 
sanitary, and engineer trains be placed? 

SUPPLY SERVICE 

284. To what is the zone of activity of a division limited, 
when operating for some time in a country devoid of local 
resources? 

The distance at which a division can maintain contact with 
the line of communications depends on what? 

In a country having local resources to what extent can the 
radius of supply be increased? . 

285. Re/Uling Point.— V^'hat is a refilling point? What 
may be its nature and location? 



[75] 

286. Distributing Point. — What is a distributing point? 
How may the replenishment be made from the line of communi- 
cations? What is done to prevent ration vehicles from having 
to march too far? In a retreat how may supplies be distributed? 

287. Rendezvous Point. — What is a rendezvous point? 
Where may they be advantageously placed? 

288. By whom are distributing points fixed in divisions? 
By whom are these and refilling points fixed in larger com- 
mands? 

In the first instance for what is the division commander 
responsible? 

In the second instance what notifications are sent by the 
commander? 

289. Source of Supply. — What are the two sources of 
supply for troops in campaign? 

How much use is made of the former? When does its use 
become imperative? 

How are supplies obtained when the theater of operations 
is in the home country? When in hostile territory? What 
fundamental principle applies? 

290. Requisitions. — What are the two methods of making 
requisitions? When are they resorted to and how enforced? 
What is done in case of unauthorized seizure of property? The 
right to requisition food supplies implies the right to do what? 
How is the owner reimbursed? By what method are the better 
results obtained? If payment is not made on delivery, what is 
done? By whom -are these receipts redeemed? 

What treatment should be accorded the inhabitants? When 
may severity be necessary? What may be the effect of leniency 
and negligence at the wrong time? 



L76] 

291. What is done with food supplies gathered by the 
independent cavalry or advance guard in excess of their needs 
or the needs of troops in rear? 

292. How much reliance can be placed on requisitions? 
When an army halts or moves slowly, recourse must be had to 
what for supplies? 

293. The Ration. — At mobilization and concentration 
camps what system of subsistence is used? During the period 
of hostilities? 

294. What kind of ration is issued when possible? Its 
ap})roximate weight? 

295. What is the reserve ration? Its weight? 

296. What is the field ration? Of what does it consist? 

297. What diflference may be found in the rations supplied 
to troops of and near the line of communications and to those 
at a distance? On what is the allowance of transportation for 
field rations with the division based? What discretion is al- 
lowed commanders of mobilization and concentration camps with 
reference to prescribing the ration? 

298. Where is the forage ration prescribed? 

299. What changes in the forage ration are often made 
in the field? How are wheat and rye prepared? Amount of 
these and of corn unshelled? 

What changes in the allowance may be made? When? 

300. What forage is carried on the march and when is 
grazing resorted to? 

The allowance of transportation of the forage ration with 
a division is based on what? 

301. Disposition of Rations. — What are the proportions 
and methods of carrying .rations in the diiferent arms of a 
division? Of grain? Of their distribution between men and 



[77] 

vehicles of the ration section and of their replenishment from 
the supply train or column? 

303. In campaign what rations and forage are carried? 

(a) On each man? By civil employees? 
For each draft animal? On each vehicle? 

When are reserve rations consumed? By whose order? 

What is the duty of every officer of the command in this 
connection ? 

When are reserve rations replaced if consumed ? * 

In addition what is carried by each man? On the horses of 
the cavalry and field artillery? 

(b) In the ration section of the field train: for each man 
and animal? In the rolling kitchen? How does this affect 
the ration section? 

For what is the one day's reserve ration intended? AVhat 
is the character of the two remaining days' field rations? 

(c) In Supply Train: 

Of an infantry division? 
Of a cavalry division? 

How is independent cavalry largely supplied, when in 
front or on the flanks of an army? Why? What are used, 
when possible, in its supply? 

303. Operations of the Snpphf Service. — ^When and where 
are rations and grain issued to troops from the ration section 
of the supply train? For what meals does this issue provide 
and where are the noonday meal and feed carried? 

In the presence of the enemy what method is used if 
equipped with rolling kitchens? When not in the presence 
of the enemy and on the march? 



*Wliat comijonent of the ration must be frequently renewed and 
why? 



[78] 

When and where are the empty vehicles of the ration 
section refilled? 

When and how are the rolling kitchens refilled? 

304. What are the two diiferent methods of using the 
supply train? 

When operating as a connecting link, how is it divided? 

305. The service of supply is under whose orders? What 
do these orders prescribe in regard to refilling empty vehicles 
of the ration sections? Of what is the commander of trains 
advised? What directions does he then give? 

30G, When supply columns are operated by the line of 
communications, what action does the division commander 
take regarding distribution of supplies? 

307. W^hat orders are issued relative to changes in posi- 
tion of the distributing points? As to position of refilling and 
rendezvous points? 

308. Of what does the division quartermaster keep the 
chief of staff" informed? What function has he in regard to 
obtaining supplies? What disposition is made of such supplies, 
transport, or animals procured? How are orders prepared 
relative to resupply of ration vehicles and places for refilling, 
rendezvous and distributing points? 

309. Under whose immediate command is the quarter- 
master in charge of the supply train? What command and 
responsibility has he? 

310. Fresh Beef. — How often should troops be supplied 
with fresh beef? How may this supply be effected? If cattle 
are driven with the supply train, by whom are they slaughtered 
and how turned over to the field trains? 

How is frozen meat taken to the distributing points? 



[79] 

3J1. Fresh or Field Bread. — How often is it issued to 
troops? How is it baked? Where is fresh bread issued? 
How is field bread issued and transported? 

312. Sales Stores. — How far to the front are sales stores 
supplied? In this respect what will be the effect of troops 
going into permanent camp or cantonment? How may com- 
batant troops occasionally be thus supplied? 

AMMUNITIOISr SERVICE 

313. How does the supplying of ammunition differ from 
that of rations and grain: As to source of supply? As to 
quantity and time of replenishment? 

314. The organization and operation of the ammunition 
service is the duty of what arm? Under whose orders is the 
commander of the ammunition train after being released from 
the control of the commander of trains? 

315. Ammunition carried on the man and on the caissons 
of the firing batteries is how replaced? How are the combat 
trains refilled? 

316. What is the duty of all commanders in regard to 
economy and resupply of ammunition? 

What is the importance of keeping troops in action sup- 
plied with ammunition? 

317. What is the function of the organization commander 
in regard to the combat train assigned to his organization? 
Of battalion commanders? 

Where are the principles laid down in regard to this 
supply? 

318. Ammunition Distributing Station. — What is an am- 
munition distributing station? * 



* In the field artillery, where may the caissons of the firing 
liattery be sent? 



[80] 

JvimunHwii Refimiuj Po/n/.— What is an ammunition re- 
filling point? 

Ammmution liendezvous Poiwi.— What is an ammunition 

rendezvous point? 

319. The division ammunition service is directed by whom 
and includes what? 

What is the organization of the ammunition train? 

320. What is the function of tiie ammunition train? Of 
the ammunition column, in principle? What is the eifect on 
the ammunition train? 

If no ammunition column be operated, how is this work 
performed? In this case who establishes and maintains dis- 
tributing stations? 

321. For each division how are the positions of the am- 
munition-refilling point and the rendezvous point fixed? They 
are communicated to whom? 

322. In case of attack on the enemy in position or of the 
occupation of a defensive position, by whose orders are the 
positions of the ammunition-distributing stations fixed and the 
troops notified? In case of a rencontre engagement what is 
done with the ammunition train? The point to which it goes 
is about how far from the line of T3attle? What arrangements 
does the commander of the ammunition train make with the 
different brigade commanders? If a battle has commenced, 
what is the action of Lhe commander of trains? 

323. WTiat is done with the ammunition train during the 
earlier stages of the engagement and why? Its action as soon 
as the probable course of the engagement becomes known? 
What is done as fast as the vehicles of the first company or 
battalion are emptied? Of the second company or battalion? 



[81] 

334. Where is the headquarters of the commander of the 
ammunition train during a battle? What is his action with 
regard to division headquarters? That of each commander 
of a section of the ammunition train establishing a distributing 
station with the headquarters of the unit it supplies? How 
many ammunition-distributing stations are operated for each 
brigade? 

325. After an engagement what replacement of ammuni- 
tion is made? What suppl}'^ is first replaced? Next? 

326. What information is given the division artillery 
commander? By whom is it furnished during action? At all 
other times? 

327. Ammunition-train commanders will comply with 
what demands for ammunition from troops of other com- 
mands? This applies especially to the needs of what arm? 

328. How are the positions of the ammunition train and 
its different sections marked? 

SANITARY SERVICE 

329. In general, what are the functions of the sanitary 
service relative to: 

(a) The prevention of the depletion of the fighting 
forces? 

(b) The care and removal of sick and wounded? 

(c) Equipment? 

What individual records are kept and for what purpose? 

330. Into what two general groups may the personnel 
of the sanitary service in the zone of the advance be classified? 
Under whose orders does each function? For what purpose 
may those of the first class be temporarily detached? 

331. Sanitation. — What officers and men must have a 
knowledge of sanitation and why? 



[82] 

What sanitary responsibility have all commanders? 
What are the general duties of a sanitary inspector? 

332. First-Aid Packet. — By whom are they carried? 
What do the sanitary detachments with organizations carry? 
The combat train what sanitary equipment? 

333. Regimental Aid Station. — When and by whom is it 
established and for what purpose? By whom is its position 
fixed and where? Of what does it generally consist and for 
what must it be prepared? What is done with the wounded 
who are able to walk? Those unable to walk? 

Where is its equipment carried? By whom is it operated? 

334. Dressing Station. — ^When, where, by whom, jmd for 
what }Hirpose are they established? By whom may these 
bearers be assisted? How are the wounded disposed of? 
How does the equipment compare with that of the regimental 
aid station? What does it provide? 

By what is the equipment and personnel supplied? 

335. Ambulance Companies. — Where do they establish 
dressing stations? What are their functions? 

336. Field Hospital Companies. — They form a part of what 
train? When and where are they set up? What are the re- 
quirements of their position? When are they not set up? 
When only ic. canvas pitched? 

What is the extent of their equipment? 

337. Evacuation Points. — What does the sanitary column 
of the line of communications include? What other means 
may be used for the evacuation of the sick and wounded from 
the division? What are evacuating points? 

How are their positions fixed and to whom communicated? 

338. Station for Slightly Wounded. — When and for what 
purpose are they established? In what orders is its position 
fixed? Bv whom is it operated? How marked? 



[83] 

339. The Sanitary Train. — Of what is it composeO? By 
whom is it commanded? Is operated in accordance with what 
orders? 

340. Service in CamjJs. — Who equips and operates infir- 
maries in camp? What class of cases are cared for and what is 
done with other cases? Who is in charge and what assistance 
is he authorized to call for? Who remains at the infirmary in 
charge of the equipment? What other provision may be made 
for the care of the sick and wounded? 

341. Service on the March. — When out of the presence of 
the enemy, what disposition is made of the ambulances? Of 
a field hospital? 

342. Of ambulance companies during marches in the 
presence of the enemy? What dispersion may be advisable? 
What disposition is made when combat is imminent? 

343. What is done with a man falling out from sickness 
or injury? What does the medical officer in the rear do with 
the pass? 

If a man is unable to walk, what is done? If able to 
walk? If ordered to wait for the sanitary train? 

What is done with the arms, personal equipment, and 
clothing of soldiers who fall out? 

The horse, saber and horse equipment of a mounted 
soldier? 

344. Service in Combat. — What is done by the wounded 
in the absence of medical assistance? Otherwise their care 
devolves upon what troops and in this connection what is for- 
bidden combatants? 

345. In action how long does the sanitary personnel of 
an organization remain with it? Where will they treat the 
wounded and how long will they pause? What may be estab- 
lished later in the combat? 



[84] 

346. When combat is imminent, what provision is made 
for the slightly wounded? What are they given to show their 
authority for going to this station? 

347. The evacuation of the wounded from regimental aid 
stations and of those left by organizations advancing devolves 
upon M'hom? When and by whose orders are the positions of 
dressing stations fixed? In this case the division commander 
advises the commander of the sanitary train of what? 

348. In the case of a rencontre engagement, what work is 
left to the judgment of the commander of the sanitary trains 
and his subordinates? What units does he send forward and for 
what purpose? What ambulance companies are used for this 
work, under certain conditions? What is done with the re- 
maining ambulance companies? With the other field hospitals? 
What preparations are made by the commanders of these 
ambulance companies sent forward? When do they establish 
dressing stations and what is their work? What are the duties 
of the commander of the sanitary train during battle? 

349. Search for Wounded. — After an engagement, what 
action is taken by commanders in regard to the wounded? 
The dead? 

350. When, to whom, -^nd for what purpose are indentifi- 
cation tags supplied? What is done with the tags on the 
dead? On the bodies of the enemy's dead? 

351. Retreat. — In a retreat, what is done with the sick 
and wounded that cannot be moved? 

352. American National Red Cross Association. — How, 
where, and to what extent are the services of this association, 
its equipment and personnel utilized? 

353. Badge of Neutrality. — What is the emblem of neu- 
trality? What persons wear this emblem and in what forip? 
In addition what does a person not uniformed carry? 



IB5] 

Sanitaiy formations and establishments display what em- 
blems? At night how are their positions marked? 

ENGINEER TRAIN 

354. To what unit is an engineer train attached and 
what does it carry? 

355. Its organization and operation is the duty of what 
corps? By whom is it commanded? Is operated in accordance 
with whose instructions? 

356. The engineer column attached to the advance section 
of the line of communications carries what equipment? 

To what units may it be assigned temporarily? When so 
assigne(i, what control over it has the commander of the line 
of communications? If assigned to field army headquarters, 
it operates under whose orders? If assigned to a division, it 
forms part of what? When no longer required in the zone 
of the advance, what is done with it? 

Article V 
THE ZONE OF THE LINE OF COMMUNICATIONS 

general 

357. For what is a line of communications established? 
How will two or more important forces operating from a 

single base be commanded? How many lines of communica- 
tions will be operated? How many advance sections? 

358. When is a line of communications not organized? 
Administration and supply follow what principles? 

359. What is the mission of the tactical units and adminis- 
trative groups assigned to a line of communications? 

360. The location of the base is fixed by what orders? 
The personnel for the line of communications comprises what 



[86] 

and is sent ahead by the commander for what purpose? Where 
is this personnel obtained? 

3G1. The zone of the line of communications includes what 
territory? The activities of its personnel extend how far? 

For what purpose is this line advanced from time to time? 

362. Command. — What troops, etc., are under control of 
the commander of the line of communications? He is respon- 
sible for what? 

363. Administration and Control. — For administration 
and control what is the organization of the line of communica- 
tions? 

Who are the technical advisers of the commander of the 
line of communications? 

364. Staff officers of organizations in the service of de- 
fense have what responsibilities relative to the supply, sanitary, 
and telegraph service? 

365. Persons under War Department orders or with 
authority to join the field forces arriving at the base come 
under whose orders? 

Service of Defense 

366. Troops on duty under the commander of the line 
of communications are charged with the defense and protec- 
tion of what? How is this territory divided and for what is 
the commander of each district responsible? What control 
have they over movements along the line of communications, 
of personnel, animals, and materiel? In case of imminent 
danger from the enemy, what is their duty? What report is 
made at once? What is forbidden in regard to troops, am- 
munition, or supplies going to the front? 



[87] 

367. When armored trains are used, their crews form a 
part of what and are under whose orders? When only will 
railway traffic be thus interfered with? 

SUPPLY, SAKITARY, AND TELEGRAPH SERVICE 

368. W^ith reference to these matters, what is the responsi- 
bility of tlie commander of the line of communications? 

With reference to the reserve of supplies on hand? What 
reports does he make to the war department in this respect? 
What requisitions are forwarded? 

What measures are taken in regard to malingerers or the 
slightly injured? 

369. For the purposes of control and coordination of the 
supply, sanitary and telegraph service, how is a line of com- 
munications divided? Who is in charge of each? When may 
an intermediate section be required? Where is an advance 
section required? 

370. To what do the operations of a base or intermediate 
section extend? Each section provides for the supply of what 
troops? When is formal accountability terminated and is re- 
placed by what? In this respect for what are commanders and 
staff officers responsible? 

371. If there are no military railroads, what means of 
transportation are provided and by whom? What then is the 
function of intermediate sections? 

372. Where do the personnel of the supply, sanitary, and 
telegraph service report? Where are the advance and inter- 
mediate sections organized? When? 

373. Base Section. — The assistant chief of staff with this 
section is charged with what work? 

He is informed of what, transmits this information to 
whom, and issues what orders? 



[88] 

374. What is his duty in regard to requisitions? 

375. Supplies shipped to the base are consigned to whom? 

376. Advance Section. — The assistant chief of staif with 
this section is charged witli what work? The operation of 
these groups extends to what? What is the function of the 
signal advance group? 

377. AVhat colunons are attached to the advance section? 
The strength and composition of these columns depends upon 
what? 

378. The position of the advance depot is fixed by whom? 
Where is the headquarters of the advance section and what 
arrangements do the commanders in advance make with the 
assistant chief of staff? 

How is the advance depot situated with reference to rail- 
road facilities and the field forces? What is required as to 
amount of supplies to be kept on hand here and why? 

How are the positions of refilling, rendezvous, and evacua- 
tion points fixed? 

379. What determines the allowance of transportation for 
division trains? Where is transportation obtained for other 
classes of supplies, for the evacuation of the sick and wounded, 
and for special engineer equipment? 

SERVICE OF MILITARY RAILWAYS 

380. When is such service organized? The construction, 
operation and maintenance of these railways is whose duty? 

What function has this service in regard to captured rail- 
ways? The construction of new railways? By whom is it 
controlled and directed, and with what staff is he provided? 

He is a member of whose staff and is responsible to that 
commander for what? From whom does he take orders and 
what is his duty in regard thereto? 



[89] 

What is forbidden niilltary officers not attached to this 
service? 

381. Of what does the military controlling staff consist? 
What is their duty? 

If two or more military railway lines exist, who is placed 
in charge of each, and to whom and for what is he made 
responsible? For what is the director of railways responsible 
in this case? 

If a single line is long enough to subdivide into divisions, 
who is in charge of each? He is responsible to whom and for 
svhat? 

What distribution is made of railway staff officers, each 
responsible to whom and for what? 

How is the work of reconstruction at the railhead per- 
formed? The officer in charge is under whom and responsible 
for what? Such sections are assigned to what? 

382. The staff of civilian assistants consists of what? 
Who are used for the operation, maintenance, and construction 
of military railways? When are officers and soldiers used? 
These civilians are responsible for what? 

383. What are the relations between these civilians? The 
military staff are under whose orders? What is the relation of 
each member to the senior civilian of his department or sub- 
division? What control has he over the actual working of the 
road? By whom can his decisions be overruled? 

384. The military railway supply depots, are operated and 
maintained by whom? 

CHANNELS OF CORRESPONDENCE 

385. The commander of the li. of C. has what independ- 
ence in correspondence? 



[90] 

How are such communications signed? To what subjects 
are they confined? 

The system of supply and evacuation of sick and wounded 
are fixed by whom? The commander of the L. of C. and tho 
assistant chief of staff of each advance section communicate 
directly with what commanders on what matters? How does 
this rule apply to the latter commanders? 

Article VI 
TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL 

38G, Troops may be moved by rail over what kinds of 
railways? When will the former condition obtain? The latter 
condition? 

TRAVEL ON COMMERCIAL RAILWAYS 

387. What is required by law of carriers in time of war 
or threatened war? 

388. What is the function of the Quartermaster Corps 
in this respect? 

389. What is required of orders covering such move- 
ments, and at what rate is transportation furnished? With 
day coaches for over 24 hours? 

390. How are trains divided and assigned for organiza- 
tions with animals, equipment, and materiel? What is prefer- 
able as to speed and size of trains? 

What is required as to passengers if a train is divided? 
As to separating troops from their animals? 

391. In shipping supplies to mobilization or concentra- 
tion camps, what is required as to marking cars? 

392. Preparation of Cars. — What is the duty of the officer 
charged with supplying transportation upon receipt of orders 



[911 

for the movement of troops by rail? As to property to be 
shipped, loading facilities, etc.? 

As to inspection of cars? 

Stock cars? 

Passenger cars? 

Marking and assignment of cars? 

393. Loading and Entraining. — By whom and bj^ whose 
orders is the loading done? When and how may heavy prop- 
erty be loaded? 

How are artillery and other carriages made secure? 

How should the arrival of the troops at the station be 
timed? If the camp, bivouac or barracks is within a mile 
when are the men required to fall in? What is then done? 
After loading the property what is done? What is the method 
of entering the cars and what is the duty of the company com- 
mander as to the distribution of his men? Where are non- 
commissioned officers placed? 

As to arms and equipments what are required by troops 
traveling by train? What do mounted troops use instead of 
haversacks? What arms are necessary for guard duty? What 
disposition may be made of the arms and equipments not 
used ? 

How is the equipment of mounted troops loaded? Their 
horses? For short journeys? 

How is the loading done in the field artillery? 

How are animals loaded? If likely to unload at places 
without facilities, what should be carried? What should be 
the manner of loading animals into cars? How closely should 
they be packed? W^hat is done with the halters? Where 
should the gentlest animals be placed? 



[92J 

394. The time required for loading depends upon what? 
What should it be for the different arms going into the 

field or changing station therein? 

395. What should be the. manner of loading, entraining, 
detraining, feeding and watering, and exercising men and 
horses ? 

396. Conduct of Troops. — What is said as to delays? 
Who is the intermediary between the troops and the rail- 
road personnel? To whom are complaints by him made? 

Who is responsible in each car for cleanliness and what 
nuisances are forbidden? 

For what purpose may sentinels be placed at each door? 
How should the men be exercised? ^ 

In what cars is smoking forbidden? 

397. What arrangements are made for messing? 

What is the duty of officers in regard to messing? Of the 
mess officer? 

398. Under what conditions is it unnecessary to unload 
animals for exercise or recuperation? 

399. What forage is not carried in stock cars and why? 
What is the ration? 

400. When men are allowed to leave the train what warn- 
ing is given before the train starts and when? 

401. Detraining and Unloading. — What is the best time 
for troops to arrive at destination? When are the troops 
notified? 

Who are the first to leave the cars? What are the duties 
of the commander upon arrival? What inspection of the cars 
is made after arrival, when and by whom and what report i'^ 
rendered? 



[93J 

When and with what equipment do the troops march to the 
camp and who attends to the property? If the camp is dis- 
tant how is the property unloaded? 

What do cavalry troops do with their equipment upon 
arrival? What is done with their horses? 

What is the method of unloading animals? 

If the camp is near the station when do the troops march 
to it? Otherwise what is done? 

How does artillery unload? 

402. When may it be necessary to unload in the open 
country? In such cases what unloading facilities should be 
carried? Lacking these facilities what may be done? 

TRAVEL ON MILITARY RAILWAYS 

403. Method of Reqmsitwnm<j for Railway Transporta- 
tion. — When should requisitions reach the military controlling 
staff and what is the nature of the data given? What is said 
about changes? 

404. Who is responsible for loading animals or materiel 
and for the attendance and forage en route? How are or- 
dinary shipments of supplies or materiel made? Important 
8lii])ments? 

405. Who issues regulations for military and civil pas- 
sengers? If necessary, how will they be enforced? 

406. Hospital Trains. — On what railways are they fitted 
up? The necessary sanitary personnel and special equipment 
is supplied from what? On what kind of schedule will such 
trains run? 

When, where and by whom is the rolling stock for such 
trains collected and fitted up? Where, by w^hom and by 
whose orders are rest stations organized? 



[94] 

407. Troop Movements by Rail. — In what maimer will 
troops be mo^■ed on a militarv railway and what general 
principles will be followed? When such conditions are not 
practicable, what may be resorted to? What will take pre 
cedence over the comfort of troops when necessary? 

408. What supplies, equipment, etc., will troops in the 
theater of operations carry with them on railway trains? 

When large bodies of troops are moved by rail, what 
personnel w411 precede them to the destination and for what 
purpose? 

409. What points should be clearly stated in the orders 
for the movement of troops by rail? 

By what authority only may troops occupy railway build- 
ings or use the railway facilities or property? 

410. Duties of a Commander of a Troop Train, — Who are 
sent ahead to the entraining point, for what purpose, and 
supplied with what? Such officer communicates his informa- 
tion to whom and when? Then acts in what capacity? What 
is done with the original copy of the order for the movement? 

The senior officer on every special troop train is responsible 
for what? How are the regulations enforced? What arrange- 
ments are made for guarding prisoners, property, etc.? AVhat 
is the rule as to his interference with the railway service? If 
an attack is anticipated, what is done? 

Article VII 
MILITARY POLICE 

411. What are the duties of military police: as to police 
regulations? Towards the inhabitants of the country? In re- 
gard to roads? Absentees? Marauders and stragglers? Camp 
retainers and followers? Prisoners of war? 



[95] 

They police what buildings? Duty in regard to telegraph 
and telephone lines and railways? Hostile inhabitants? 

412. With the division, who exercise the functions of 
military police? 

413. On the line of connnumcations? How? 

414. Who is assigned as ])rovost marshal in and about the 
base? What are his functions? What records arc made by 
him? What is done with these records? 

415. In mobilization and concentration camps who exer- 
cises the powers of military police? 

416. In emergency what assistance can the military police 
call for"? In this respect what is the duty of every person in 
the military service? 

417. What insignia is worn by those on this duty and 
how worn? 

418. What exemption is allowed them in disci|)linary 
matters? In exceptional circumstances who can order their 
arrest? What is the effect of their not wearing the brassard? 

Article VIII 
CENSORSHIP 

419. Censorship in the theater of operations is controlled 
by whom? Who is assigned as censor and what assistance is 
allowed him? He performs his duties under whose orders? 

420. Censorship is divided into what two classes? 
Private communications include what and are subject to 

what delay? What kind of statements is the censor authorized 
to suppress? 

How are newspapers' and journals affected? 



[961 

421. What important functions has the press? What is 
the effect of false or distorted reports? What is the dual 
capacity of the press? Under what restrictions may it per- 
form its functions? 



COllRESl'ONDENTS 

422. Conditions of Acceptance. — To whom do the appli- 
cants present their credentials and what is the nature of tlie 
credentials required? Who gives the bond required and what 
is done in case of the withdrawal of his pass for infraction of 
regulations? What oath is required? What is done to re- 
strict the number of such passes? 

How many correspondents are allowed for each publishing 
firm with a field army? What is the rule regarding men go- 
ing for adventure only? What must be sliown in the case of 
an applicant in this respect? What are the requirements for 
foreign correspondents? 

423. Photographs and Photographers. — An official pho- 
tographer accompanies what unit? What is done with his 
films and plates? What is the rule as to professional pho- 
tographers and moving-picture men? If news or professional 
photographers represent themselves as news or mail corres- 
pondents? What cameras, if any, are allowed? What is done 
with the films? 

424. Censorship of Press Matter. — AVho will act as chief 
censor and where stationed? What unit will have a censor at- 
tached? What matter must be submitted to him before being- 
sent? AVhat information does he give to the correspondent 
regarding his action? What is the rule as to the use of code 
words? As to any part of a dispatch having a possible double 
meaning? What, kind of news items are barred? Who ma^' 



[97] 

relax the regulations? When are such restrictions removed 
and what is the sole object of the regulations? 

425. Facilities for Work. — Immediately upon receiving 
his pass where does the correspondent go? His pass entitles 
him to what transportation? Where are they oflScially at- 
tached? Where is their baggage carried? Who only has the 
authority of censorship? To what extent may they use the 
lines of information of the army? When are the oflficial army 
wires open to their dispatches? In what order will they be 
sent? How may their use of the wire be equalized and when 
may it be necessary? How may better wire facilities be 
utilized? 

426. Messengers. — What privilege in this respect is 
granted to correspondents and in what way is the messenger 
restricted? What is the eifect of an infraction of regulations 
by the messenger? What credentials and pass must he have 
and what privileges are allowed him? What bond is required? 
Where must he remain? 

427. Passes. — Of what does a correspondent's pass con- 
sist? What is required of him in regard to the pass? 

428. Garb. — With what garb must he provide himself? 
What is required as to his accouterments? What insignia does 
he wear, how worn and for what purpose? What is required 
of messengers as to garb and insignia? 

429. Discijyliiie. — What is the restriction as to a corre- 
spondent leaving? For what acts of deception of the censor 
may the correspondent be punished and of what will the 
punishment consist? In extreme cases of offense what is 
done? 

430. Medical Regulations. — What is required of corre- 
spondents as to these? 



[98] 

431. Press Regulations for Oncers. Enlisted Men, and 
Civilian Employees of the Army. — What is the restriction upon 
such persons acting as correspondent for any publication? 
Upon a censor or censor's assistant? 

Article IX 
FIELD POST OFFICE 

432. With what department are arrangements made for 
a postal service? 

By whom is it directed and where is he stationed? With 
whom does he cooperate and what is the extent of the work? 
What postal official accompanies a division and with what 
transportation is he furnished? 

Who is responsible for the protection of the postal per- 
sonnel with divisions and controls their movements? 

By whom are the necessary instructions issued relative to 
the distribution and receipt of mail? 



APPENDIX 

The following sets of examination questions were used h\ 
an examining board in the examination of officers for promo- 
tion in the year 1915 in the subject, Field Service Regulations, 
the first set being given to first lieutenants for promotion to 
captain, the other two to second lieutenants for promotion to 
first lieutenant. The appropriate paragraph in the F. S. R. 
is given with each question. 

Sample Examination in Fiet,d Sehvtce Regui.ations 

or First Lieutenants 

For Promotion to Captaincy 

1. Discuss military information. How is it considered, 

obtained, and what is done with it in cases of units larger than 

a brigade? Pars. 9, 10. 

3. What is the chief duty of a reconnoitering patrol, and 
what points must the instructions for a ]>atrol, or an}^ recon- 
noitering body, fully cover? Pars. 23, 24. 

3. Describe in full the establishing of an outpost from 
the time of receipt of the halt order of the commander. Par. 
76. 

4. What conditions should be fulfilled in the establish- 
ment of mobilization and concentration camps? Par. 236. 

5. How are rations and forage carried in campaign? 
Par. 302. 

6. What is a field order? What is its object? What is 
contained in the subdivisions of the body of a field order? 
Pars. 85-93. 

7. Why are night marches undertaken? Mention favor- 
able and unfavorable conditions. What precautions are neces- 



[100] 

sary? In a mixed column where does the cavalry generally 
march at night? Par. 114. 

8. What is a convoy, as applied to land operations? 
Par. 115. What times are most favorable for the attack of a 
convoy? Par. 119. 

9. What is an advance guard? W^hat are its duties, 
strength and composition? Pars. 40, 41. 

10. If you are the officer charged with supplying trans- 
portation for the movement of troops by rail, what do you do 
on receipt of orders for the movement? Par. 392. 

PRACTICAL 

The command (eight troops of cavalry) will camp tonight 
in the grounds of the Del Monte Hotel. 

The enemy's cavalry has been reported at Nashua with 
patrols as far as Lapis. 

You will take your troop and establish an outpost on the 
line of the west bank of the Laguna del Rey from the bay to 
and including the Monterey — Del Monte Heights road. 

Sample Examination in Field Service Regulations 
Second Lieutenant's Promotion to First Lieutenancy 

1 
Par. 1. Of what do the land forces of the United States 
consist? Under what general heads are the land forces 
grouped ? 

2 

Par. 13. What are the chief duties of Cavalry in the 
theater of operations? 



[101] 

3 

Pars. 32, 33, 35. What is the diflference between a "mes- 
sage" and a "report"? What is a war diary? 



Par. 36. Name the ways in which information is trans- 
mitted. 

5 

Par. 37. In camp and on the march, by what detachments 
is security obtained? 

6 
Par. 40. What is an advance guard, its duties and strength? 

7 
Par. 44. What distribution of troops does an advance 
guard order generally prescribe? 

8 
Par. 67. What do you understand by an "outguard"? 
For convenience how are they classified? 

9 
Par. 82. What are the hours of special danger and when 
siiould an outpost be relieved? 

10 
Par. 83. Discuss Examining posts. 



[102] 



PRACTICAL PROBLEM^ FIELD SERVICE REGULATIONS 

Your platoon has been scouting in Monterey and Salinas 
Counties which are hostile. 

At 5 p. M. your patrols have assembled at Moss Beach 
and you decide to spend the night there. 

Make necessary outpost dispositions. 

Examination in Field Service Regulations 
Second Lieutenant's Promotion to First Lieutenancy 

1. Under what two heads is military information con- 
sidered; of what does each consist and what is the nature of 
each? P. 9. 

2. What is reconnaissance; when is it made; what infoi'ma- 
tion is especially obtained in that way? P. 11. 

3. What is divisional cavalry and what are its duties? 
P. 15. 

4. What are the necessary qualifications of a good patrol 
leader? P. 25. 

5. What is a message; a report; what are the essentials of 
each? P. 32, 33. 

6. What is the system of scales and contour intervals 
used in military maps and when is each used? P. 34. 

7. What is an advance guard and what are its duties? 
P. 40. 

8. What are the outguards of an outpost? Define each. 
P. 67, 79. 

9. What are the prime essentials of field orders; what 
terms are used therein, and what avoided? P. 89, 

10. What is the body of an order and what does each 
part contain? P. 93. 

Each question has a value of ten. 



